Sections 1-4 Flashcards
The health status of a defined group
Community Health
Evidence based practices that teach healthy behaviors
Health education
Focus of public health in 1950s
Control infectious disease
1970s public health focus
Health education and promotion
Values, behaviors, etc that enable a health professional to work effectively with a diverse population
Cultural competency
Study of health related states in specific populations
Epidemiology
Death rate. Usually expressed per 100,000
Mortality rate
Something that increases likelihood of developing a disease or injury.
Risk factor
Risk factor that is changeable or controllable
Modifiable
Risk factor that can’t be controlled (ex genetic)
Non-modifiable
Prevents onset of illness (ex legislation, vaccine)
Primary prevention
Early diagnosis and treatment of illness (ex health exams, exercise)
Secondary prevention
Treatment of health problem to maximize quality of life (ex rehab)
Tertiary prevention
A range of factors that influence health
Determinants of health
How did early humans learn?
Observation, trial/error
Had oldest health documents, public sanitation with bathrooms and drains
India
Greek father of medicine
Hippocrates
Staff and serpent of a physician; symbol of Asclepius
Caduceus
Started with building of aqueducts; first hospitals
Roman public health
Surgery and dentistry performed by barbers because best chairs and sharpest instruments
Renaissance surgeons
Belief that illness started in filth and spread through particles in air
Miasmas theory
In 1849, theorized that sewage contamination in water caused cholera. Removed pump handle to stop epidemic
John Snow
1860, proposed germ theory and heating of milk and wine to prevent illness
Pasteur
Started in 1700s due to bad health conditions in growing cities.
US Public Health Service
1939 study on long term effects of marijuana
LaGuardia report
1837, started mandatory programs to teach students about behavior and health.
Horace Mann
Men rejected from draft due to physical deficiencies
WWI military rejects
How were 19th century doctors trained?
Mostly through apprenticeship. Informal
Goal of Medical professionals
Return individual to prior state
Goal of public health
Prevention; social action
Goal of Human Services healthcare
Enhance wellbeing and teach skills
Process where an individual or program meet specific standards
Credentialing
Agency or government grants permission to practice
Licensure
Professional organization grants recognition to an individual who completes a competency-based curriculum
Certification
A recognized professional body evaluation of an educational program
Accreditation
Began in 1970-80 as advanced education for those with a bachelor’s degree
Graduate education in public health
3-6 month program started in China in 50s
Chinese Health Workers
BS, MA, etc and a major in health education OR 25 credits in health addressing 7 areas of responsibility for health educators
Requirements for Certified Health Education Specialists (CHES)
Current training model for physicians
4 years plus residency
Published “Notes on Nursing” and established the nursing profession
Florence Nightengale
Learning styles
Visual
Auditory
Reading
Tactile
ASSURE MODEL
Analyze
State objectives
Select teaching method
Use teaching method
Require performance (test)
Evaluate
A positive quality that enables optimal health
Wellness philosophy
Allows people to make best health decision for themselves, not necessarily for society
Freeing/functioning philosophy
Emphasis on critical thinking and lifelong learning
Decision-making philosophy
Focus on modifying habits
Behavior change philosophy
Focus on acquiring content and facts
Cognitive based philosophy
Create economic and political change to benefit individual and group health
Social change philosophy
Philosophy that deals with study of knowledge
Epistemology
Defined ethical principles in research with human subjects
Belmont report
Expectation that any information about the individual will be kept confidential
Protecting privacy
Do no harm
Non-malfeasance
Awareness that an ethical problem exists and understanding the impact different courses of action could have on people
Moral sensitivity
Patient not given a choice about treatment; provider makes choice in best interest of patient
Inform of decision
Patient has choice to accept or refuse treatment
Informed consent
Provider and patient decide on treatment
Shared decision making
