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Bio 226 Final > Section V Vocab > Flashcards

Section V Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

G-protein coupled

A

cell surface receptors. Guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Ligand binds to extracellular domain.

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2
Q

RTKs (receptors tyrosine kinases)

A

enzyme linked receptors. Receptor itself is the enzyme, phosphorylates targets. animal cell growth and differentiation.

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3
Q

Ser/threonine kinase

A

Receptors form heterodimers upon ligand binding. Act as local mediators.

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4
Q

Second Messengers

A

compound whose metabolism is modified as a result of a ligand receptor interaction. Functions as a signal transducer by regulating other intracellular processes. G-protein activation can lead to production.

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5
Q

Phospholipase C

A

enzyme that hydrolyzes PIP2 to form a second messenger DAG and IP3.

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6
Q

cAMP

A

Second messenger in the response of cells to a variety of hormones in vision and production from adenylyl cyclase.

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7
Q

PKA

A

Enzyme activated by cAMP. Transmits signals for internal response.

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8
Q

PIP2

A

Phospholipid component of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Hormones and growth stimulate its hydrolysis by phospholipase C, yielding the second messengers DAG and IP3.

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9
Q

DAG

A

second messenger formed from the hydrolysis of PIP2 that activates protein Kinase C

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10
Q

IP3

A

second messenger formed from the hydrolysis of PIP2 that signals the release of calcium ions from the ER.

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11
Q

PKC

A

Member of the family of proteins serine/threonine kinases that are activated by DAG and calcium. Functions in intracellular signal transduction.

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12
Q

Calmodulin (CaM)

A

calcium binding protein. Acts by binding to still other protein, affecting their function. Has flexible regions between the domains.

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13
Q

CaM-Kinase

A

member of a family of protein kinases that are activated by the binding of calcium/calmodulin.

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14
Q

Adenylyl cyclase

A

one of the enzymes that are activated in G-proteins. Activated to make cAMP.

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15
Q

CREB

A

cAMP response element binding protein. A transcription factor that is activated by cAMP dependent protein kinase.

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16
Q

CRE (cAMP response element)

A

regulatory sequence that mediates the transcriptional response of target genes to cAMP.

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17
Q

Adaptor proteins (e.g. Grb2)

A

Recruits GEF and Ras, over expression leads to cancers.

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18
Q

Ras

A

family of small GTP binding proteins (encoded by the Ras oncogene). Couples with growth factors to intracellular targets that couple growth factor receptors to intracelluar targets (including the Raf protein-ser/thr kinase and the ERK Map kinase pathway). Regulation mediated by GEFs and GAPs.

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19
Q

Raf (MAP-KKK)

A

protein serine/threosine kinase (encoded by Raf oncogene). It is activated by Ras and leads to activation of the Mek/MAP-KK

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20
Q

Mek/MAP-KK (MAP kinase/ERK kinase)

A

dual specificity protein kinase. Phosphorylates and activates members of ERK family of MAP kinase.

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21
Q

Erk/MAPK

A

member of the MAP kinase family that plays a central role in growth factor. Induced cell proliferation. A family of mitogen activated protein-serine/threonine kinase that are ubiquitous regulators of cell growth and differentiation.

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22
Q

GEFs

A

proteins that acts on a small GTP binding proteins to stimulate the exchange of bound GDP for GTP.

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23
Q

GAPs

A

protein that stimulate ATP hydrolysis by the small GTP binding protein.

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24
Q

STAT

A

Member of a family of transcription factors that have an SH2 domain. Activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, which promotes their translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

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25
Q

Smads

A

family of transcriptional factors activated by TGF-receptors.

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26
Q

Conservative Models of Replication

A

The original copy is completely conserved and intact. There is an old helix and a new helix

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27
Q

Semi-Conservative Models of Replication

A

The process of DNA replication in which two parental strands separate. Serve as a template for the synthesis of new progeny strands, some old and some new

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28
Q

Leading strand

A

The strand of DNA synthesized continuously in the direction of movement of the replication fork.

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29
Q

Lagging strand

A

The strand of DNA synthesized opposite of the direction of movement of the replication fork by ligation of Okazaki fragments.

30
Q

Primase

A

RNA polymerase used to initiate DNA synthesis.

31
Q

Exonuclease

A

enzyme that hydrolyzes DNA molecules in either the 5’ to 3’ direction or 3’ to 5’ direction

32
Q

Ligase

A

repairs DNA

33
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

short DNA fragment synthesized to form the lagging strand of DNA

34
Q

Sliding-clamp proteins

A

Fold processivity promoting factor. makes sure that DNA polymerase remains attached to the DNA during replication

35
Q

Helicase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the unwinding of DNA

36
Q

SSBP

A

Single stranded binding proteins. Helps stabilize the single helix when unwound

37
Q

Topoisomerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the reversible breakage and rejoining of DNA stands

38
Q

DNA gyrase

A

Relives strain while helicase unwinds DNA.

39
Q

Proofreading

A

The selective removal of mismatched bases by DNA polymerase.

40
Q

Telomeres

A

repeat of single sequence DNA that maintains the ends of linear chromosomes.

41
Q

Telomerase

A

reverse transcriptase that synthesizes telomeric repeat sequences at the ends of chormoromes from its own RNA template

42
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division, corresponds to the separation of daughter chromosomes

43
Q

Interphase

A

The period of the cell cycle between mitosis that includes G1, S and G2 phase.

44
Q

M

A

Mitotic phase of the cell cycle

45
Q

G1

A

The phase of the cell cycle between the end of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis

46
Q

S

A

The phase of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs

47
Q

G2

A

The phase of the cell cycle between the end of the S phase and the beginning of mitosis

48
Q

flow cytometry

A

Measures the fluorescent intensity of individual cells

49
Q

MPF (maturation promoting factors)

A

A complex CDK1 and cyclin B. Promotes entry into the M phase of mitosis or meiosis.

50
Q

Cyclins

A

Member of a family of proteins that regulate the activity of CDK’s and control progression through the cell cycle

51
Q

CDKs

A

family of cyclin-dependent protein kinase. Controls the cell cycle of eukaryotes.

52
Q

Wee1

A

Inhibitory phosphorylates tyrosine (and threonine in vertebrates)

53
Q

CAK

A

CDK-activating kinases. Activates phosphorylation of conserved threonine.

54
Q

Cdc25

A

Cell cycle regulator that stops the cell cycle. Allows the cell to fix any damage.

55
Q

CKIs (Cdk inhibitors)

A

Member of a family of proteins that bind Cdk’s. Inhibits their activity.

56
Q

Checkpoints

A

protein kinase (Chk1 or Chk2). Brings about the cell cycle arrest in response to damaged DNA.

57
Q

START

A

regulatory protein in the yeast cell cycle. Occurs late in G1. After this point the cell is committed to entering into S.

58
Q

Restriction point

A

regulatory point in animal cell cycles. Occurs late in G1. After this point, a cell is committed to entering S. Undergoes once cell division cycle.

59
Q

ATM/ATR

A

protein kinase that recognizes damaged DNA. Leads to cell cycle arrest.

60
Q

P53

A

transcription factor (encoded by the tumor suppressor gene) that arrests.

61
Q

Cdc20

A

Must act on APC to starburst

62
Q

APC (anaphase promoting complex)

A

Ubiquitin ligase that triggers progression from metaphase to anaphase. Signaling the degradation of cyclin B and cohesions.

63
Q

Securin

A

Degrades which allows for degradation of cohesion.

64
Q

Separase

A

When active cohesion can degrade

65
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

66
Q

Initiator caspases

A

Conserved cysteine proteases. Part of a proteolytic cascades that involve cleavage of many different cellular proteins substrates of cell functions.

67
Q

Effector caspases

A

In turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process

68
Q

ced-3

A

gene is cytesine protease with similar properties to the mammalian interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE), which at the time was the only known caspase

69
Q

ced-4/Apaf-1

A

This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that forms one of the central hubs in the apoptosis regulatory network. Ced-4: C. elegans Apaf-1: Humans

70
Q

Bel-2 family

A

These proteins govern mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and can be either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic

71
Q

IAPs

A

family of functionally and structurally related proteins that serve as endogenous inhibitors of programmed cell death

72
Q

Grim, Reaper, Hid

A

proteins that inhibit IAPs thus activating caspases

Bio 226 Final (2 decks)

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