Section Two

Question 1

What was the legacy of Sulla?

4 points

Answer 1

• use of client armies (Pompey and Crassus)
• use of dictatorship
• proscriptions
• secured the rise of Pompey and Crassus.

Question 2

What happened to the Sullan Constitution?

And why? (3 points)

Answer 2

-eroded in the 70sBC

• alienated most of the population.
• autocratic
• new form of monarchy to be continued by Caesar and Octavian.

Question 3

What is meant by “Sulla could not abolish his own example”?

-2points

Answer 3

• increased the number of praetors from 6 to 8 to ensure that nobody became too powerful- but Sulla was an autocratic ruler at this point.
• stricter cursus honorum, so senators must go through office in order and obeying the time period restrictions between them- but Sulla was dictator for an INDEFINITE period.

Question 4

How did the Sullan Reforms symbolise centralisation?

Answer 4

• senate approval for all bills (no straight plebiscite)
• limited the tribune veto
• tribunes barred from further office
• transferred judicial powers back to the senate

Essentially, the tribunate reforms meant that people no longer wanted to be a tribune. This sidelined the representation of the plebeians in the senate.

Question 5

How was Pompey’s power evidence of centralisation?

Answer 5

Lex Manilia- Mithridatic War command to Pompey
Pompey’s pirates: command of navy and 50 miles inland
Sole consulship granted to Pompey in 51bc

Question 6

The power in the Republic was most centralised when Caesar was consul. How?

Answer 6

• Biblius permanent veto, took sole consulship for himself unconstitutionally.
• Luca 56: meeting to repair the Triumvirate. 3 people determining the future of the “people’s thing”
• thapsus- Cato and Scipio killed: leaders of the Optimates. No opposition.
• Caesar= dictator perpetous from Feb 44bc onwards. Total power.

Question 7

What was the significance of the Catilinian Conspiracy 63Bc?

Answer 7

First time SCU passed as a preventative measure and not in time of war.

Question 8

How did the Triumvirate ensure Pompey secured his veteran land bill?

Answer 8

Caesar elected, Pompey “filled the city with soldiers to control the Optimates” - Plutarch.

Question 9

How did lex campana (the veteran land bill) undermine the Republic?

Answer 9

There was no attempt to compromise with the people or the senate.

Question 10

What did Pompey and Crassus do during the Civil War between Marius and Sulla?

Answer 10

They raised their own mercenary armies (illegal) and took them to help Sulla.

Question 11

Why was Cicero recalled from exile?

Answer 11

Clodius and Milo street fighting. Pompey realises he needed him,.

Question 12

How was Cicero evidence for the breakdown of the Triumvirate?

Answer 12

When he was recalled from exile he worked for Pompey, not the Triumvirate.
When Cicero started to question the illegal acts of Caesar in 59BC Pompey let him.

Question 13

How did the delay of the election of consuls in 55BC symbolise corruption?

Answer 13

Delayed for over 6 months.
Interreges appointed for 5 days (someone whose job it was to organise elections)
Strategy: delay until interreges was appointed that was pro-Pompey and pro-Crassus.
Pompey and Crassus ‘elected’, they were the only two candidates.

Question 14

How did Caesar bribe Cribio?

Answer 14

Caesar paid off all his debts in order for his services as a loyal tribune. 50Bc

Question 15

How was the empire divided in the First Triumvirate?

Answer 15

Crassus- Syria
Pompey- Spain
Caesar- Gaul

Question 16

What were the 3 bills of Pompey? 51Bc

Answer 16

1) Law against violence, to keep order he brought his soldiers into the forum.
2) 5 years between holding magistracy and provincial power
3) could not stand for consulship in absentia. (Aimed at Caesar)

Question 17

What did Caesar do once he got himself elected as consul in 49BC?

Answer 17

Helped himself to the treasury
Kept food supply open
Didn’t proscribe
Took his forces to Spain to build them up, then followed Pompey to Greece.

Question 18

What was Clementia?

Answer 18

Caesar would show mercy to those who opposed him as long as they accepted defeat.

Question 19

How was Pompey assassinated?

Answer 19

Sought refuge in Egypt, assassinated by Ptolemy (Cleopatra’s brother) believing that this would win an alliance from Caesar.

Question 20

What did Marcus Antonius do to ensure that Caesar was not an enemy of the Republic after his assassination?

Answer 20

Talks to the people and the senate. Assassins granted amnesty.
Caesar’s gardens opened to the public. All citizens would receive financial award from Caesar’s estate.
His will was read out in public to ensure he was not an enemy.

Question 21

Why is it hard to accurately determine Antony’s character?

Answer 21

All written sources about him were from Cicero and Octavian- his enemies who scorned him.

Question 22

How was the Empire divided in the Second Triumvirate?

Answer 22

Lepidus- Africa
Octavian- West
Antony- East

Later- S Pompey: Corsica, Sardinia and Greece under the treaty of Misenum 39BC

Question 23

Why was Octavian so successful?

3 points

Answer 23

• good at creating an image
• did not achieve victory by civil war (war vs the east, despite that it was against Antony)
• changed the public perception of autocratic rule: made solo power acceptable.