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Roman Republic 218-31BC > Section One > Flashcards

Section One Flashcards

1
Q

What were the key features of the Marion professional legion?
5points

A
  • no property qualification
  • land for veterans
  • state supplied equipment and food
  • permanent army/legions (lifestyle)
  • FIGHTING FOR A GENERAL
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2
Q

What was the legacy of Marius?

A
  • professionalisation of the army

- Novus Homo and the General

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3
Q

What was the significance of the 2nd Macedonian War?

A

The population did not want to fight. The war undermined the power of popular vote. Power lay with the senate.
Also, shows defensive imperialism. Rome did not annexe Greece. Only annexed Greece when Macedonia declared war on Rome.

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4
Q

When was the 2nd Punic War and when was the 2nd Macedonian War?

A

SPW- 218-201BC

SMW- 200-198 BC

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5
Q

What was the Fetial Law and why was it significant?

A

“Just cause to attack another” Defensive Imperialism.

1) Enemy must have performed aggressive/wrongful acts
2) 33 days given for reparations to made
3) enemy receives formal declaration of war.

Significant because shows defensiveness however this is only a written ideal. Just because it is written as law does not mean it was followed.

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6
Q

Who wrote about the Fetial Law?

A

Livy

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7
Q

According to Livy, what did Gnaeus Manlius bring back from conquest?
(economic imperialism)

A

212 golden crowns and 22,000 pounds of silver

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8
Q

What did Sallust believe drove the Empire? Defensive or Economic?

A

At first the love of money, and then that of power.

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9
Q

What was the Roman Aristocratic Ethos?

A

Elogium of Scipio: the Roman ideal. Political office, lineage, devotion to Gods, and MILITARY VICTORY. Rome needed wars.

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10
Q

Dates of the Gracchi ? (Tribunes)

A

Tiberius 133Bc

Gaius 123-122 Bc

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11
Q

Why does the historiography tend to portray the Gracchi as revolutionary figures ? (Negative representation)

A

Written sources from conservative writers.
Cicero: conservative senator.
Paterculus: very conservative
Appian: v conservative

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12
Q

Impact of the Second Punic War on the polarisation of society and therefore the military? (Traditional view)

A

-polarisation: farms abandoned due to devastation, men lost their property and moved to the city. Rich bought the land and ran it using slaves. Estates. Population decline- more disease due to increased density of urban proletariat.

Military- land qualification to fight. Manpower shortage as fewer owned land.

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13
Q

What were the restrictions on land ownership?

A

500 iugeras but not applicable to the largest estates

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14
Q

What was the impact of the Second Punic War on land owners? (new view/ archaeological evidence)

A
  • variation in cultural developments
  • small farms still common in most areas
  • increase in commercial agriculture in central Italy.
  • population growth
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15
Q

How did the senate block Tiberius Gracchus? And how did he respond?

A

Numantia Affair 137 BC:
TB negotiated peace with Numantia to free a Roman prisoners. Senate refused. Tiberius humiliated.

Reaction: when he proposed the Land Commission he took it straight to the people. Senate blocked all funds, TB used the wealth of Pergamum (job of senate to appropriate funds).

TB worked against the system because the conservatism of the senate forced them to not conciliate.

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16
Q

How did the senate block Crassus and what was the consequence of this?

A

Senate refused to reimburse his tax farmer friends who could not collect taxes because of Pompey’s campaigns in Asia.

Reaction: TRIUMVIRATE.

17
Q

How did the senate block Pompey and what was the consequence of this?

A

Senate refused to give land to Pompey’s veterans and wanted to scrutinise his victory in the East.

Reaction: TRIUMVIRATE!

18
Q

How did the senate block Caesar and what was the consequence of this?

A

Caesar had to give up his triumph in Gaul because the senate said that he could not have his triumph and stand for the consulship at the same time.

Reaction: TRIUMVIRATE!

19
Q

How did the senate cause Civil War in 49BC as a result of their unwillingness to conciliate?

A

CRIBIO: peace vote. 370 support, 22 Optimates reject. Significant minority. Peace rejected.

CICERO: as late as 7th Jan 49BC he attempted to make peace with senate. Rejected.

Caesar crossed the rubicon and civil war began.

20
Q

What did Flaccus propose and what was the Revolt of Fragellae?

A

Flaccus wanted to extend citizenship to the allies in 125BC.
Rejected absolutely due to a Roman Conservatism.
Fragellae: City that wanted to be independent. Rome crushed revolt and wiped out town.

21
Q

Why did the Romans not want to extend citizenship to the allies?

A
  • Competition for office
  • dilution of privileges
  • practicality of sudden increase in size
  • fear of individual power for the legislator
  • army expenditure would increase enormously: state subsidised Roman citizens based on the taxes paid by the allies. - income decreases and expenditure increases.
22
Q

What were the reforms of Gaius Gracchus?

4points

A
  • Lex Frumentaria: subsidised food prices
  • new colonies in Carthage, more land.
  • army: over 17 yrs only. State subsidise food, clothing and weaponry.
  • relieved unemployment
23
Q

What were the comments of Appian and Plutarch on G.Gracchus?

A

Appian: he “bought the plebs”

Plutarch: “politician for the plebs, not the senate”.

24
Q

Corruption in terms of bribery:

3points

A

Jugurtha bribed senate to give him more land than his brother Adherbal. Also bribed Roman soldiers not to fight. “Rome, city for sale and soon to perish, if it finds a purchaser”

CLODIUS acquitted for sacrilege as he bribed the equites- 62 BC

CICERO bribed fellow consul HYBRIDE with the province of Macedonia.

25
Q

How were the political offices of Marius and Sulla evidence for corruption?

A

Marius held 7 consulships. Not uncommon in times of crisis but the Gracchi were killed for seeking re-election . Set a precedent.

Sulla- dictatorship for an indefinite period.

26
Q

How were the political offices of Pompey and Crassus in 70bc evidence for corruption?

A

Pompey: held triumph without consulship.
Too young for consulship in 70BC

Crassus: moved up the cursus honorum too fast.

27
Q

How were Caesar’s political offices illegal?

A

59Bc: ignores Biblius’ permanent veto. Becomes sole consul.
Luca 56: 10 yr office in Gaul, then consul in 48BC (not elected).
47BC: kept imperium after dictatorship ended.
3rd consulship to last 10 years.
45 BC: 4th consulship, alone.
44 BC: 5th consulship: dictator perpetous.

28
Q

What evidence did Mouritsen use to show that the allies wanted independence rather than citizenship?

A
  • State of Italia- new capital Corfinium/italica.
  • set up a new senate/forum in Italica.
  • new coinage. Coins depicted Italia bull savaging a Roman wolf.
29
Q

What did Sulpicius want to do in 88Bc after the granting of citizenship to allies?

A

He wanted to spread the new citizens throughout the Roman tribes that already existed, as 10 new tribes were established and their power sidelined as they were to vote last.

30
Q

How did Civil War break out between Marius and Sulla?

A

Marius to support Sulpicius in return for Mithridatic War. Sulpicius passes legislation to strip Sulla (dictator) of his command. 88Bc Sulla marches on Rome.

31
Q

What were the key features of the Early Roman Army?

4points

A
  • Self-funded
  • infantry+paid mercenaries + Italian allies.
  • propertyless were excluded
  • SOLDIERS FIGHTING FOR ROME
32
Q

When and by who was the Republic established by?

A

Brutus is 509BC

33
Q

What was the significance of the Sack of Rome by Gaul in 390Bc?

A

Gaul destroyed all Roman records. Later sources attempt to re-design/re-establish history by fabrication.

34
Q

How did Polybius describe the Roman political system?

A

The ‘ideal political system: monarchic, oligarchic, democratic’.

35
Q

To what extent was the Republic democratic?

A

The populace elected senators and decided upon war and criminal cases. All citizens could vote.

BUT
Assemblies had no power of initiation or deliberation
And
Votes counted by unit. Votes of the poorest were diluted and the poorest often not asked to vote as decision was made when a majority was reached. Cavalry + 1st Class asked first and counted for 98/173 votes (majority).

Roman Republic 218-31BC (2 decks)

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