Section Three-The development of Nationalist Movements Flashcards
Who was Nehru?
- Westernised son of wealthy lawyer who joined Congress in 1919
- Committed socialist who sought modernisation and industrialisation of India through economic planning
- President of INC in 1928 and imprisoned during anti-salt campaign but reelected as pres. 1936
- Supported Brit. in 1939 but gave supp. to Gandhi 1942 ‘Quit India’ and imprisoned until 1945
- Became pres. in 1948 and India first independent PM
Who was Nehru’s rival, Subhas Chandra Bose?
- Rivalled Nehru for leadership of Congress party
- Wanted Congress to adopt more militant line
- Placed under house arrest but escaped and fled to Germany
- 1939, allied himself with Britain enemies, Germany and Japan
- Formed Indian National Army in 1942, intending to lead the forces to free India
What was the All Indian Muslim League and when was it founded?
- Founded 1906
- Worked co-operation with Congress
- However, under Muhammad Ali Jinnah leadership grew more vociferous in representation of India’s substantial Muslim minority
- Muhammad disagreed with Gandhi’s tactics and campaigned for establishment of safeguards for Muslims in movement for independence
Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
- Prominent member of Congress party and active member of Muslim League
- Initially favoured Hindu-Muslim co-operation however resigned from Congress in 1920 after disagreeing with policy of non-violent protest
- By 1940, believed there should be separate Muslim state; appointed first Governor-General of Pakistan in 1947 following his efforts to create it
What was the idea for Pakistan?
Jinnah wanted separate Pakistani state which came to prominence in 1940
How did West Africa form an educated group for legislation?
- In West Africa, the colonies of Nigeria, Gambia, Sierra Leone and Gold Coast already had legislative councils by 1914 however their powers were limited
- This prompted an educated elite in the Gold Coast and other territories to form National Congress of West Africa
What did the West African Congress achieve?
- Some concessions were granted in the 1920s
- With this spread of education and colonial administration increasing new employment opportunities, new, young and even more radical group of nationalist leaders emerged in the 1930s
What was the West African Students’ Union and when was it founded?
1925, helped bring students from various West African countries in London and grew nationalism which inspired greater radicalism among its members
Who were radicalists among the West African Students Union?
Nnamdi Azikiwe and Kwame Nkrumah from the Gold Coast both of whom were significant post-war nationalist figures
How did WW2 accelerate these West African nationalistic trends?
It brought faster economic development to the West African colonies, and in 1945, a Pan African Congress was convened in England which called for ‘independence’ of Black Africa
Who developed East African political protest movements and what did he do?
Harry Thuku- he was initially involved in formation of non-militant Kikuyu organisation to recover lands lost when Kenya became British Crown Colony in 1920
What else did Harry Thuku do?
- In 1921, went on to found East African Association
- Also helped establish Kenya African Study Union, which, in 1946, became Kenya African Union
Who was Jomo Kenyatta with East Africa?
- Joined East African association in 1922 and movement broadened into campaign for African rights and representation
- In 1947 became its president and it played a crucial role in the post-war decolonisation of Kenya African Union
