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CGP Sociology > Section Three-Culture And Identity > Flashcards

Section Three-Culture And Identity Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

Language,beliefs, values. Socially transmitted, passed on through socialisation.

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2
Q

Mass culture replaces folk culture

A

Pre-industrial society passed through word of mouth.

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3
Q

Robert Redfield (1947)

A

‘Folk societies’ based on extended families, supportive community and local culture. Urban societies not present.

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4
Q

High culture

A

Shakespeare, opera and sophisticated restaurants. Educated and good for society, don’t make much money compared to ‘low culture’ so government subsidies them.

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5
Q

Low culture

A

Reality TV, musicals, fast food. Funded for ‘high culture’- national lottery,

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6
Q

Bourdieu (1984) says no such thing as ‘low culture’

A

Idea of ‘high culture’ is to give status to elite groups, status maintained by passing on cultural knowledge.

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7
Q

Popular culture theorists emphasise audience is active

A

Concept based on an active audience, changes culture. Centre for contemporary cultural studies analysed and done researched popular culture products like TV shows to find meanings.

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8
Q

Giddens (1990) Global culture

A

Technical change led globalisation. Goods transported to anywhere and information. Cultures were once local but become global. For example, British and American pop music.

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9
Q

Marxists Adorno and Horkheimer (1944) say capitalism creates False needs and commodity fetishim

A

Mass culture encourages you to think you need to buy things, 20 pairs of shoes. Flase needs,good for capitalism.

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10
Q

Frankfurt school

A

Group of neo-Marxist thinkers in 1930 Germany who combined Marxism and pyschology.

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11
Q

commodity fetishim

A

It’s like a religion, capitalism creates desires only capitalism can satisfy. We think it’s good, gives us what we want.

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12
Q

Neo-Marxists (Frankfurt school) say W/C are oppressed by capitalism via culture

A

Mass culture used to dull minds of W/C, promotes ideology and populations passive victims of mass culture.

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13
Q

Gramsci (1971) Neo-Marxist disagrees with Frankfurt school

A

Capitalism creates a big dominant culture called dominance hegemony. Capitalism creates an illusion it’s a fair system.

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14
Q

Functionalists see culture as a bond

A

Durkheim’s functionalist perspective views culture as social glue.
Norms and values become a part of your identity.
Shared norms and values held by society ‘collective consciousness of society’.

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15
Q

Posted modernism argues cultures diverse

A

Functionalism is outdated due to based on the idea there’s one dominant or shared culture, argue cultures increasingly diverse.
Reject culture unifys people in society

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16
Q

Dominic Strinati (1995) Posted modernism argues cultures diverse

A

Cultures partly affected by structural factors like class, consumed by elites and seen more valuable than enjoyed by W/C

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17
Q

Interactionists culture determined by individuals

A

Individuals choose to behave, culture comes from peoples ideas of how they interact.

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18
Q

Goffman (1972) pedestrian interaction

A

Cultural norms associated with walking through streets, prevented collisions with another. Unspoken rules, not looking at people for a long time enabled walking freely.

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19
Q

Feminism links popular culture to socialisation and patriarchy

A

Ferguson (1983) and McRobbie (1978) studies magazines, they promoted traditional female roles.

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20
Q

Popular culture and gender socialisation relationship

A

Popular culture stereotypes women into roles, housewife.

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21
Q

Primary socialisation

A

Early childhood, learn skills, knowledge, norms and values.

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22
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

Education, peer groups, religion,media, workplace

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23
Q

Durkheim Education

A

Believe school promotes consensus by teaching norms and values. Children value belonging to a larger group, school uniform. Fitting into society.

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24
Q

Peer groups

A

Similar social status influences norms and values. Youth subculture encourage deviant behaviour.

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25
Religion
Social norms and values, promotes respect.
26
Media
Shape norms and values. Althusser argues media’s replaced religion.
27
Workplace
Norms and values to enable to fit into world of work, being on time
28
Status
Position in hierarchy, respect and recognition to your position.
29
Roles
Behaviours and actions due to status, norms that go with status. Monarch meeting public and interest to the nation.
30
Ascribed status
Fixed at birth, king or queen inherits status from parent.
31
Achieved status
Earned through education and work.
32
Social constructs
Ideas and behaviours invented by society, class,sexuality, gender,disability, nationality,ethnicity and age
33
Social class
Perceived differences, money and jobs.
34
Sexuality
What sexual behaviours normal
35
Gender
Social expectations, feminine/masculine traits and behaviours
36
Disability
Underestimate disability’s, constructed expectations limit them
37
Ethnicity
Shared languages or culture
38
Age
Cultures have more age-based restrictions than others
39
Functionalists say social behaviours regulated by social control
Parsons (1951) says nuclear family is key to primary socialisation of children. Parents shape children’s personality ‘personality factory’. Children want to be like the same sex parent. Want to belong in society, subscribe to cultural consensus.
40
Functionalists believe education and religion are key of secondary socialisation
Durkheim thought institutionalised education is a link between family and society. Parsons (1961) argues education teaches children values, competition and success. Preparation for work.
41
Sacred status
Religion produce’s codes of behaviour by sacred status to values, adults socialise children to codes, promotes social conformity.
42
Marxists think socialisations designed to benefit ruling class
Institutions of family,education and religion used to socialise the W/C into acceptance of own exploitation in capitalist society. Socialisation seen as indoctrination( teachings to accept beliefs without question).
43
Feminists see socialisation as indoctrination
Socialisation of children’s designed to pass on patriarchy. Socialisation in the family and wider society promotes conformity to social expectations about gender roles.
44
Oakley (1982) criticism of Feminists see socialisation as indoctrination
Oakley argues parents socialise their children to conform to patriarchy, praising in gender-appropriate ways. Toys associated with their gender.
45
Interactionists see socialisation as an active, two way process
Believe socialisation involves two-way social interaction
46
Handel 2006) argues there’s three stages of childhood development
1)children Lewrn to communicate 2)empathy develops, understand feeling 3)sense of self, see themselves from different perspective and change behaviour to be viewed differently.
47
Mead (1925) believed developing a sense of self was important
Children Lewrn to understand the viewpoint of other people, which influences their own actions. Accepted functionalist view institutions socialise people into shared norms but, social control depends how far people take on attitudes of others. Can Rebel against socialisation.
48
Interactionists believe indoctrination not the only way people socialise
Peer group socialisation influences behaviours of children they pressure another to rebel against rules.
49
Interactionist theories of socialisation
Focused on minor details, criticised for lack of work in social factors(class,gender,ethnicity). Institutions(religion,education,media).
50
Postmodernists argue people resist socialisation
Lyotard (1979) argues there’s lots of competing versions of knowledge and truth in society, choose who to listen to.
51
Structuralists believe identity’s caused by social constructs
Agree institutions socialise people into shared identities and values, disagree on values being upheld and benefits who.
52
Marxists on peoples identity
Depends on their class position.cultural values and norms are created and maintained by upper class to protect capitalism
53
Functionalists argue on social institutions
People allocated different roles,best fit.some disagree, not always successful.
54
Trumpbour (1989) Functionalist argue on social institutions
Found wealthier university’s students expect education to prepare them for professional roles and leadership, poorer lower status jobs.
55
Feminists argue on patriarchal structure
Society’s influenced gender identity, gender stereotypes and sexist views.
56
Postmodernists say we construct our own identities
Identity’s becoming unstable as can choose their own lifestyle, leads to diversity.
57
Goffmans dramaturgical model says deliberately constructed
Goffman (1956) says you can control the way you present identity through social interaction. Control impressions you give ‘impression management’.
58
Cooley (1901)on self-image and difference
Way you think other people see you affects behaviour and self-image ‘looking-glass self’
59
Give labels which affects behaviour
Becker (1963) labelled ‘deviant’ outsiders and it becomes main source of identity, always have that label.
60
Give labels which affects behaviour
Teachers label W/C ‘deviant’, placed in lower sets which lowers self-esteem
61
Societies stratified-divided into layers
Richest and powerful at the top. Poorest and powerless at the bottom.
62
Define social class
U/C landowning aristocracy, wealth passed from generations. M/C earn money from sitting in an office, non-manual jobs W/C manual work, factory workers Underclass state benefits
63
Charles Murray (1994) class culture affects identity
New Right thinker, suggested certain values keep people poor, acceptability living on benefits. Values passed on to another.
64
Skets and Loveday (2012) Negative stereotypes of social class influencing identity
Participants felt responsible, born into a structural inequalities and seen as selfish. M/C and U/C don’t value loyalty and caring the same way. L/C accept class oppression and endure poverty, no power. M/C negatively stereotype from L/C (for, of class oppression) maintaining moral authority.
65
Bourdieu (1984) argued there’s different kinds of capital
Economic capital- income or wealth Social capital- member of a group or network of people Cultural capital-knowledge and skills to fit in the top level of society.
66
Marshall (1988) class isn’t the most influenced anymore
W/C are fragmented into the past due to traditional W/C identity weakening.
67
Sex not the same as gender
Biological differences between genders.
68
Ann Oakley’s (1974) Family’s the primary agent of gender socialisation
Manipulation- parents encourage behaviour, girls get told off for being ‘unladylike’, shouting. Canalisation-channel their children’s interest, construction toys Lego for boys. Verbal appellation-language and names Angel(girl) cheeky monkey (boy). Different activities- children do different tasks, girl washing up, boy cleaning car.
69
Wolf (1990) Schools a secondary agent of gender socialisation
Advertising presents an ‘ideal image’ for women reinforcing women should look good for men
70
Gender stereotypes affecting employment
Traditional gender roles (2008) 19% of men employed as managers compared to 11% women
71
Ann Campbell (1984) Gender roles changing for females
Increase in female deviant behaviour, girls gangs by Ann Campbell (1984)
72
Jonathan Gershuny (1992) Gender roles changing for males
Childcare and housework shared more between parents in the passed, ‘new man’ dishes and changes nappies. Increase in househusbands.
73
Wilkinson (1997) Masculinity feminised in media
Men and women coming together and creating own identities. Traditional ideas in a decline.
74
Ethnic minorities different cultural features
Modood eat al (1997) cultural origins play a key role influencing Asians behaviour.
75
Children socialised into ethnic identity
Rosemary Hill (1987) children learning about ‘Western’ marriage,education. Gender conflict between ethnic minorities.
76
Children socialised into ethnic identity
Roger Ballard (1964) disagreed. Young Asians at home behaved in traditional ways for parents, Outside act western.
77
Ethnic identity created by secondary socialisation
David Gillborn (1990 and Cecile Wright (1962) African-Carribean labelled as a problem.Self-fulfilling prophecy anti-school subculture.
78
Ethnic identities a response to a racism
Cashmore and Troyna (1990) ethnic minorities turn to each other for support, (mostly black) Pentecostal church.
79
New Ethnic identities emerging
Stuart hall (1996) ideas of condensing white/black ethnicity being challenged.
80
National identities about feeling you belong to a country
Benedict Anderson (1983) nationalisms replaced religion in giving peoples lives meaning.
81
National identity product of socialisation
Schudson (1994) individuals socialised into a national culture and identity by education and mass media, ntiaonl curriculum says all children must learn about shakespeare.
82
Traditional national identity decline
Last 20 years found it harder to idenitfy Britishness. British national identity not as strong as it is, doesn’t exist anymore.
83
New traditional identity
Multicultural influences British dish ’chicken tikka masala’
84
Religion passes in ideologies which controls sexuality
Promotes heterosexuality and marriage
85
Feminists argue on Religion passes in ideologies which controls sexuality
Religion oppresses female sexuality and marriage, strict form of staying a virgin till marriage and having sex just for babies.
86
Representations of sexuality in media stereotyped
HIV/AIDS known as a ‘gay disease’.Newspapers in 1980s referred to aids a ‘gay plague’.
87
Social attitudes towards sexuality are reflected in law
Homosexuality was illegal. Decriminalised in England and wales in 1967, consent was 21 which was higher than heterosexuals.
88
Attitudes about age vary between culture changes overtime
Bradley (1997) argues age is less important as we age is temporary
89
Media stereotypes age groups
Lambert (1984) found older men portrayed in positions of power, newsreaders but not for older women. Children represented as innocent, teenagers wild such as drugs,crime and pregnancy.
90
Marxists thinks attitudes to age are influenced by capitalism
Adults are of working age and elderly are too old to work. Phillips on (1982) argues capitalism views elderly as burden on society, working life’s ended and usually have less spending power, stigmatised identity.
91
Increasing life expectancy changes attitudes to old age statistics
Ageing population, social trends 41 (2011) between 1971 and 2009, percentage population over 75 rose from 4.7% to 7.8%. Living longer. Social trends 33 (2003) between 1971 and 2001 life expectancy’s increased from 69 to 75 for men, 75 to 80 for women
92
Increasing life expectancy changes attitudes to old age
Giddens (1986) argues longer life expectancy affects family life. Know great/grand parents.
93
Society puts disabled people into a separate category
Tom Shakespeare (1994) argued ‘disability’s’ a label to categorise people. Social construct
94
Prejudice against disbaled people
Scott (1996) blind people affected by medical professionals.Learned helplessness- relied on sighted people for support. Labelled dependant, became self-fulfilling prophecy
95
Prejudice against disbaled people
Marsh and Keating (2006) argued everyone is dependent on others to some extent.
96
Disabled people under represented in media
Cumberbatch and Negrine (1992) looked at British television and disabled roles were pity or comedy and not seen as an actor just having a disability.
97
Identity linked to work and leisure
Willis (1990) works now less satisfying, often requires skill. Leisure time to gain satisfaction and build identity
98
Social class affects the link between work and leisure
Parker (1996) found upper-class with high status jobs follow extension pattern, leisure time net working.
99
Parker (1996) three patterns of integration.
Extension pattern- Leisure and work actively linked. Neutrality pattern- Work and leisure may not be linked, relationship not Planned. Opposition pattern-Leisure and work deliberately separated
100
Postmodernists say class,gender and ethnicity don’t mean so much
People don’t feel constrained by social class,gender,ethnicity but build identities through symbolic consumption. ‘New man’ caring,sensitive, does housework.
101
Symbolic consumption and consumer culture
Industrialist capitalist society buying goods made from cultural industries (film,music) buying goods part of modern western culture- consumer culture.
102
Symbolic consumption
Industries create and sell things to fit people’s cultural lives- think and talk about, stuff who define people-symbolic consumption Purchasing for the right brand/style.
103
Pluralists say we’ve got power through choice
Consumer culture people have consumer power. Pluralists argue culture identities make products based on what society consumes.
104
Criticisms of pluralists say we’ve got power through choice
Ien Ang (1991) opinions of consumers largely ignored by cultural industry
105
Bauman argues post modern society expects us to play role of a consumer, some can’t.
People want cultural products but freedom of choices limited by lack of money. Can’t use consumption to create an impression of who they are. Bauman calls this ‘repressed consumers’. People who can afford as much as they want ‘seduced consumers’.
106
Globalisation influenced national and individual identities
Bad news for ethnic identities, ethnic/national identities merge and become less distinct and varied. Lemert and Elliot (2006) and Bauman disagree they say globalisation makes identity unstable, creates variety.
107
Globalisation imposes western culture and damages traditional identity. Globalisation strengthens national identity.
Hall (1992) argues ethnic minorities and ethnic majority group of a nation react to globalisation of identity by emphasising culture

CGP Sociology (4 decks)

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