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CGP Sociology > Section Three-Culture And Identity > Flashcards

Section Three-Culture And Identity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Culture

A

Language,beliefs, values. Socially transmitted, passed on through socialisation.

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2
Q

Mass culture replaces folk culture

A

Pre-industrial society passed through word of mouth.

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3
Q

Robert Redfield (1947)

A

‘Folk societies’ based on extended families, supportive community and local culture. Urban societies not present.

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4
Q

High culture

A

Shakespeare, opera and sophisticated restaurants. Educated and good for society, don’t make much money compared to ‘low culture’ so government subsidies them.

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5
Q

Low culture

A

Reality TV, musicals, fast food. Funded for ‘high culture’- national lottery,

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6
Q

Bourdieu (1984) says no such thing as ‘low culture’

A

Idea of ‘high culture’ is to give status to elite groups, status maintained by passing on cultural knowledge.

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7
Q

Popular culture theorists emphasise audience is active

A

Concept based on an active audience, changes culture. Centre for contemporary cultural studies analysed and done researched popular culture products like TV shows to find meanings.

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8
Q

Giddens (1990) Global culture

A

Technical change led globalisation. Goods transported to anywhere and information. Cultures were once local but become global. For example, British and American pop music.

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9
Q

Marxists Adorno and Horkheimer (1944) say capitalism creates False needs and commodity fetishim

A

Mass culture encourages you to think you need to buy things, 20 pairs of shoes. Flase needs,good for capitalism.

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10
Q

Frankfurt school

A

Group of neo-Marxist thinkers in 1930 Germany who combined Marxism and pyschology.

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11
Q

commodity fetishim

A

It’s like a religion, capitalism creates desires only capitalism can satisfy. We think it’s good, gives us what we want.

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12
Q

Neo-Marxists (Frankfurt school) say W/C are oppressed by capitalism via culture

A

Mass culture used to dull minds of W/C, promotes ideology and populations passive victims of mass culture.

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13
Q

Gramsci (1971) Neo-Marxist disagrees with Frankfurt school

A

Capitalism creates a big dominant culture called dominance hegemony. Capitalism creates an illusion it’s a fair system.

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14
Q

Functionalists see culture as a bond

A

Durkheim’s functionalist perspective views culture as social glue.
Norms and values become a part of your identity.
Shared norms and values held by society ‘collective consciousness of society’.

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15
Q

Posted modernism argues cultures diverse

A

Functionalism is outdated due to based on the idea there’s one dominant or shared culture, argue cultures increasingly diverse.
Reject culture unifys people in society

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16
Q

Dominic Strinati (1995) Posted modernism argues cultures diverse

A

Cultures partly affected by structural factors like class, consumed by elites and seen more valuable than enjoyed by W/C

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17
Q

Interactionists culture determined by individuals

A

Individuals choose to behave, culture comes from peoples ideas of how they interact.

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18
Q

Goffman (1972) pedestrian interaction

A

Cultural norms associated with walking through streets, prevented collisions with another. Unspoken rules, not looking at people for a long time enabled walking freely.

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19
Q

Feminism links popular culture to socialisation and patriarchy

A

Ferguson (1983) and McRobbie (1978) studies magazines, they promoted traditional female roles.

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20
Q

Popular culture and gender socialisation relationship

A

Popular culture stereotypes women into roles, housewife.

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21
Q

Primary socialisation

A

Early childhood, learn skills, knowledge, norms and values.

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22
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

Education, peer groups, religion,media, workplace

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23
Q

Durkheim Education

A

Believe school promotes consensus by teaching norms and values. Children value belonging to a larger group, school uniform. Fitting into society.

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24
Q

Peer groups

A

Similar social status influences norms and values. Youth subculture encourage deviant behaviour.

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25
Q

Religion

A

Social norms and values, promotes respect.

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26
Q

Media

A

Shape norms and values. Althusser argues media’s replaced religion.

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27
Q

Workplace

A

Norms and values to enable to fit into world of work, being on time

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28
Q

Status

A

Position in hierarchy, respect and recognition to your position.

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29
Q

Roles

A

Behaviours and actions due to status, norms that go with status. Monarch meeting public and interest to the nation.

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30
Q

Ascribed status

A

Fixed at birth, king or queen inherits status from parent.

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31
Q

Achieved status

A

Earned through education and work.

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32
Q

Social constructs

A

Ideas and behaviours invented by society, class,sexuality, gender,disability, nationality,ethnicity and age

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33
Q

Social class

A

Perceived differences, money and jobs.

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34
Q

Sexuality

A

What sexual behaviours normal

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35
Q

Gender

A

Social expectations, feminine/masculine traits and behaviours

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36
Q

Disability

A

Underestimate disability’s, constructed expectations limit them

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37
Q

Ethnicity

A

Shared languages or culture

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38
Q

Age

A

Cultures have more age-based restrictions than others

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39
Q

Functionalists say social behaviours regulated by social control

A

Parsons (1951) says nuclear family is key to primary socialisation of children. Parents shape children’s personality ‘personality factory’. Children want to be like the same sex parent. Want to belong in society, subscribe to cultural consensus.

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40
Q

Functionalists believe education and religion are key of secondary socialisation

A

Durkheim thought institutionalised education is a link between family and society. Parsons (1961) argues education teaches children values, competition and success. Preparation for work.

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41
Q

Sacred status

A

Religion produce’s codes of behaviour by sacred status to values, adults socialise children to codes, promotes social conformity.

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42
Q

Marxists think socialisations designed to benefit ruling class

A

Institutions of family,education and religion used to socialise the W/C into acceptance of own exploitation in capitalist society. Socialisation seen as indoctrination( teachings to accept beliefs without question).

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43
Q

Feminists see socialisation as indoctrination

A

Socialisation of children’s designed to pass on patriarchy. Socialisation in the family and wider society promotes conformity to social expectations about gender roles.

44
Q

Oakley (1982) criticism of Feminists see socialisation as indoctrination

A

Oakley argues parents socialise their children to conform to patriarchy, praising in gender-appropriate ways. Toys associated with their gender.

45
Q

Interactionists see socialisation as an active, two way process

A

Believe socialisation involves two-way social interaction

46
Q

Handel 2006) argues there’s three stages of childhood development

A

1)children Lewrn to communicate
2)empathy develops, understand feeling
3)sense of self, see themselves from different perspective and change behaviour to be viewed differently.

47
Q

Mead (1925) believed developing a sense of self was important

A

Children Lewrn to understand the viewpoint of other people, which influences their own actions.
Accepted functionalist view institutions socialise people into shared norms but, social control depends how far people take on attitudes of others. Can Rebel against socialisation.

48
Q

Interactionists believe indoctrination not the only way people socialise

A

Peer group socialisation influences behaviours of children they pressure another to rebel against rules.

49
Q

Interactionist theories of socialisation

A

Focused on minor details, criticised for lack of work in social factors(class,gender,ethnicity). Institutions(religion,education,media).

50
Q

Postmodernists argue people resist socialisation

A

Lyotard (1979) argues there’s lots of competing versions of knowledge and truth in society, choose who to listen to.

51
Q

Structuralists believe identity’s caused by social constructs

A

Agree institutions socialise people into shared identities and values, disagree on values being upheld and benefits who.

52
Q

Marxists on peoples identity

A

Depends on their class position.cultural values and norms are created and maintained by upper class to protect capitalism

53
Q

Functionalists argue on social institutions

A

People allocated different roles,best fit.some disagree, not always successful.

54
Q

Trumpbour (1989) Functionalist argue on social institutions

A

Found wealthier university’s students expect education to prepare them for professional roles and leadership, poorer lower status jobs.

55
Q

Feminists argue on patriarchal structure

A

Society’s influenced gender identity, gender stereotypes and sexist views.

56
Q

Postmodernists say we construct our own identities

A

Identity’s becoming unstable as can choose their own lifestyle, leads to diversity.

57
Q

Goffmans dramaturgical model says deliberately constructed

A

Goffman (1956) says you can control the way you present identity through social interaction. Control impressions you give ‘impression management’.

58
Q

Cooley (1901)on self-image and difference

A

Way you think other people see you affects behaviour and self-image ‘looking-glass self’

59
Q

Give labels which affects behaviour

A

Becker (1963) labelled ‘deviant’ outsiders and it becomes main source of identity, always have that label.

60
Q

Give labels which affects behaviour

A

Teachers label W/C ‘deviant’, placed in lower sets which lowers self-esteem

61
Q

Societies stratified-divided into layers

A

Richest and powerful at the top. Poorest and powerless at the bottom.

62
Q

Define social class

A

U/C landowning aristocracy, wealth passed from generations.
M/C earn money from sitting in an office, non-manual jobs
W/C manual work, factory workers
Underclass state benefits

63
Q

Charles Murray (1994) class culture affects identity

A

New Right thinker, suggested certain values keep people poor, acceptability living on benefits. Values passed on to another.

64
Q

Skets and Loveday (2012) Negative stereotypes of social class influencing identity

A

Participants felt responsible, born into a structural inequalities and seen as selfish.
M/C and U/C don’t value loyalty and caring the same way.
L/C accept class oppression and endure poverty, no power.
M/C negatively stereotype from L/C (for, of class oppression) maintaining moral authority.

65
Q

Bourdieu (1984) argued there’s different kinds of capital

A

Economic capital- income or wealth
Social capital- member of a group or network of people
Cultural capital-knowledge and skills to fit in the top level of society.

66
Q

Marshall (1988) class isn’t the most influenced anymore

A

W/C are fragmented into the past due to traditional W/C identity weakening.

67
Q

Sex not the same as gender

A

Biological differences between genders.

68
Q

Ann Oakley’s (1974) Family’s the primary agent of gender socialisation

A

Manipulation- parents encourage behaviour, girls get told off for being ‘unladylike’, shouting.
Canalisation-channel their children’s interest, construction toys Lego for boys.
Verbal appellation-language and names Angel(girl) cheeky monkey (boy).
Different activities- children do different tasks, girl washing up, boy cleaning car.

69
Q

Wolf (1990) Schools a secondary agent of gender socialisation

A

Advertising presents an ‘ideal image’ for women reinforcing women should look good for men

70
Q

Gender stereotypes affecting employment

A

Traditional gender roles (2008) 19% of men employed as managers compared to 11% women

71
Q

Ann Campbell (1984) Gender roles changing for females

A

Increase in female deviant behaviour, girls gangs by Ann Campbell (1984)

72
Q

Jonathan Gershuny (1992) Gender roles changing for males

A

Childcare and housework shared more between parents in the passed, ‘new man’ dishes and changes nappies. Increase in househusbands.

73
Q

Wilkinson (1997) Masculinity feminised in media

A

Men and women coming together and creating own identities. Traditional ideas in a decline.

74
Q

Ethnic minorities different cultural features

A

Modood eat al (1997) cultural origins play a key role influencing Asians behaviour.

75
Q

Children socialised into ethnic identity

A

Rosemary Hill (1987) children learning about ‘Western’ marriage,education. Gender conflict between ethnic minorities.

76
Q

Children socialised into ethnic identity

A

Roger Ballard (1964) disagreed. Young Asians at home behaved in traditional ways for parents, Outside act western.

77
Q

Ethnic identity created by secondary socialisation

A

David Gillborn (1990 and Cecile Wright (1962) African-Carribean labelled as a problem.Self-fulfilling prophecy anti-school subculture.

78
Q

Ethnic identities a response to a racism

A

Cashmore and Troyna (1990) ethnic minorities turn to each other for support, (mostly black) Pentecostal church.

79
Q

New Ethnic identities emerging

A

Stuart hall (1996) ideas of condensing white/black ethnicity being challenged.

80
Q

National identities about feeling you belong to a country

A

Benedict Anderson (1983) nationalisms replaced religion in giving peoples lives meaning.

81
Q

National identity product of socialisation

A

Schudson (1994) individuals socialised into a national culture and identity by education and mass media, ntiaonl curriculum says all children must learn about shakespeare.

82
Q

Traditional national identity decline

A

Last 20 years found it harder to idenitfy Britishness. British national identity not as strong as it is, doesn’t exist anymore.

83
Q

New traditional identity

A

Multicultural influences British dish ’chicken tikka masala’

84
Q

Religion passes in ideologies which controls sexuality

A

Promotes heterosexuality and marriage

85
Q

Feminists argue on Religion passes in ideologies which controls sexuality

A

Religion oppresses female sexuality and marriage, strict form of staying a virgin till marriage and having sex just for babies.

86
Q

Representations of sexuality in media stereotyped

A

HIV/AIDS known as a ‘gay disease’.Newspapers in 1980s referred to aids a ‘gay plague’.

87
Q

Social attitudes towards sexuality are reflected in law

A

Homosexuality was illegal. Decriminalised in England and wales in 1967, consent was 21 which was higher than heterosexuals.

88
Q

Attitudes about age vary between culture changes overtime

A

Bradley (1997) argues age is less important as we age is temporary

89
Q

Media stereotypes age groups

A

Lambert (1984) found older men portrayed in positions of power, newsreaders but not for older women.

Children represented as innocent, teenagers wild such as drugs,crime and pregnancy.

90
Q

Marxists thinks attitudes to age are influenced by capitalism

A

Adults are of working age and elderly are too old to work.

Phillips on (1982) argues capitalism views elderly as burden on society, working life’s ended and usually have less spending power, stigmatised identity.

91
Q

Increasing life expectancy changes attitudes to old age statistics

A

Ageing population, social trends 41 (2011) between 1971 and 2009, percentage population over 75 rose from 4.7% to 7.8%.
Living longer. Social trends 33 (2003) between 1971 and 2001 life expectancy’s increased from 69 to 75 for men, 75 to 80 for women

92
Q

Increasing life expectancy changes attitudes to old age

A

Giddens (1986) argues longer life expectancy affects family life. Know great/grand parents.

93
Q

Society puts disabled people into a separate category

A

Tom Shakespeare (1994) argued ‘disability’s’ a label to categorise people. Social construct

94
Q

Prejudice against disbaled people

A

Scott (1996) blind people affected by medical professionals.Learned helplessness- relied on sighted people for support. Labelled dependant, became self-fulfilling prophecy

95
Q

Prejudice against disbaled people

A

Marsh and Keating (2006) argued everyone is dependent on others to some extent.

96
Q

Disabled people under represented in media

A

Cumberbatch and Negrine (1992) looked at British television and disabled roles were pity or comedy and not seen as an actor just having a disability.

97
Q

Identity linked to work and leisure

A

Willis (1990) works now less satisfying, often requires skill. Leisure time to gain satisfaction and build identity

98
Q

Social class affects the link between work and leisure

A

Parker (1996) found upper-class with high status jobs follow extension pattern, leisure time net working.

99
Q

Parker (1996) three patterns of integration.

A

Extension pattern- Leisure and work actively linked.
Neutrality pattern- Work and leisure may not be linked, relationship not
Planned.
Opposition pattern-Leisure and work deliberately separated

100
Q

Postmodernists say class,gender and ethnicity don’t mean so much

A

People don’t feel constrained by social class,gender,ethnicity but build identities through symbolic consumption.
‘New man’ caring,sensitive, does housework.

101
Q

Symbolic consumption and consumer culture

A

Industrialist capitalist society buying goods made from cultural industries (film,music) buying goods part of modern western culture- consumer culture.

102
Q

Symbolic consumption

A

Industries create and sell things to fit people’s cultural lives- think and talk about, stuff who define people-symbolic consumption
Purchasing for the right brand/style.

103
Q

Pluralists say we’ve got power through choice

A

Consumer culture people have consumer power. Pluralists argue culture identities make products based on what society consumes.

104
Q

Criticisms of pluralists say we’ve got power through choice

A

Ien Ang (1991) opinions of consumers largely ignored by cultural industry

105
Q

Bauman argues post modern society expects us to play role of a consumer, some can’t.

A

People want cultural products but freedom of choices limited by lack of money. Can’t use consumption to create an impression of who they are. Bauman calls this ‘repressed consumers’. People who can afford as much as they want ‘seduced consumers’.

106
Q

Globalisation influenced national and individual identities

A

Bad news for ethnic identities, ethnic/national identities merge and become less distinct and varied.
Lemert and Elliot (2006) and Bauman disagree they say globalisation makes identity unstable, creates variety.

107
Q

Globalisation imposes western culture and damages traditional identity. Globalisation strengthens national identity.

A

Hall (1992) argues ethnic minorities and ethnic majority group of a nation react to globalisation of identity by emphasising culture

CGP Sociology (4 decks)

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