Section IV - Chapter 4 Wildland Fire Fighting Safety Flashcards
The ____ Standard Orders and ____ Situations That Shout Watch Out were developed in response to serious injuries or fatalities to firefighters occurring in the line of duty.
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Ten standard fire fighting orders:
Fire Behavior
1. Keep informed on fire __________ conditions and forecasts.
2. _______ what your fire is doing at all times.
3. Base all actions on current and expected ___________ of the fire.
- weather
- Know
- behavior
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Ten standard fire fighting orders:
Fire Line Safety
4. Identify ________ _______ and _______ _______ and make them known.
5. Post ____________ when there is possible danger.
6. Be _______. Keep _______. Think ________. Act ___________.
- escape routes and safety zones
- lookouts
- alert / calm / clearly / decisively
p 251
Ten standard fire fighting orders:
Organizational Control
7. Maintain prompt ________________ with your forces, your supervisor, and adjoining forces.
8. Give clear _____________ and ensure they are ____________.
9. Maintain control of your _________ at all times.
- communication
- instructions / understood
- forces
p 251
Ten standard fire fighting orders:
If you considered 1 through 9, then
10. Fight fire _____________, having provided for ________ first.
- aggressively / safety
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
____________ is the major factor in fire behavior.
Weather
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
Firefighters must _____________ observe from vantage points and scout ahead in order to obtain firsthand information on what the fire is currently doing.
personally
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
As the volume of fire increase, fire ____________ must also increase.
awareness
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
The areas already ________ by the fire may provide good safety zones if they are close enough.
burned
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
Natural barriers such as rock _______, __________, ________, and _______ and slide areas also make good safety zones.
ledges, riverbeds, streams, lakes
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
_____________ are able to keep an eye on the bigger picture and warn personnel of changes in conditions.
Lookouts
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
______-___-______ communications with _______ aids or ______ signals can be an effective way to maintain safety.
Line-of-sight / visual / hand
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
Good communication is the key to maintaining _________. Self-discipline is required of each crew member in order to maintain control through the _______ ____ __________.
control / chain of command
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Ten standard fire fighting orders
Aggressive action is the key to effective ____________.
suppression
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LCES is an acronym that stands for the following:
- L_____-_____
- C_______________
- E_______ _________
- S_______ ________
- Look-outs
- Communications
- Escape Routes
- Safety zones
p 254
______ is a refocus on the essential elements of the 10 Standard Firefighting Orders.
LCES
p 254
____________ must be in position where both objective hazards and the firefighters can be seen.
Lookouts
p 255
There must be more than one ________ _______ available to firefighters at any given time.
escape routes
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________ _______ are locations where threatened firefighters may find refuge from danger.
Safety zones
p 255
Refuge in wildland fires:
- Try to escape the area by means of your _______________ escape routes.
- Take refuge in a ___________; ensure you have a safe zone for your _________, run the pump and have a ___________ ___________ available with you in the structure.
- predetermined
- structure / engine / charged hoseline
p 255
Refuge in wildland fires:
- Take refuge in a __________. If that __________ is a fire engine, run the pump and have a charged hoseline available.
- As a last resort, take refuge in the best possible ________ and deploy your fire _________. This should only be done when your predetermined escape routes have been lost and you have no other options.
- vehicle / vehicle
- area / shelter
p 255
Use of a structure for refuge:
- Bring in whenever possible a ________ ___________, ___________, back pump or any other ______ that may help extinguish any fire that may break through.
- charged hoseline / extinguisher / tool
p 256
Use of a structure for refuge:
When the fire hits, put out small _________ fires with a hoseline, extinguisher, or back pump and wait for fire to pass before trying to put out any fire on the _________ of the structure.
interior / exterior
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Use of a structure for refuge:
After the fire passes, perform a ______ and check crew members for __________. Move outside and check on the ___________. Attempt to extinguish any fires on or around the _____________ is possible. Next, attempt to extinguish the ___________ fire (if any) based on the structure triage protocols.
PAR / injuries / apparatus / apparatus / structure
p 256
A vehicle can offer protection from heat and flames of a wildland fire for a ?
short period of time
p 256
Using a vehicle for refuge:
When the fire hits, stay as ______ ____ ___________ to us the protection of the door and take ________ ________.
low as possible / shallow breaths
p 257
Using a vehicle for refuge:
When the fire hits, keep the engine running at ______ ______ and run the ______ _____________ if the vehicle is so equipped.
high rpms / air conditioner
p 257
Using a vehicle for refuge:
When the fire hits, expect temperatures to reach over _______.
200 *F
p 257
Using a vehicle for refuge:
If you must abandon the vehicle before the fire passes, remain ______ and deploy your _________ in the cab before opening the door. Step out with the _________ wrapped around your body and stay ?
calm / shelter / shelter / as low as possible
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Using a vehicle for refuge:
After the fire passes, exit the cab with your fire shelter in ______ in case you are forced to take shelter again. Check all members of your crew, treat injuries and ________ your status to your supervisor. ____________ your apparatus if possible. If your apparatus cannot be saved, start for another _______ _______.
hand / report / extinguish / safe area
p 257
Using a fire shelter for refuge:
The shelter reflects about _____ percent of _______ heat that reaches it.
95 / radiant
p 257
Using a fire shelter for refuge:
The shelter does not offer effective protection against ?
direct flame or “convective” heat
p 257
Using a fire shelter for refuge:
Deploy as far from ______ as possible. Do not deploy next to ______, small ______, _________, piles of slash, or fire fighting ___________.
fuels / grass / trees / brush / equipment
p 257
Using a fire shelter for refuge:
Suggested areas for deployment include _______, _______, or ______ roads; _________ areas that will not re-burn; rockslides; or areas cleared by _______.
paved, gravel, or dirt / burned / dozers
p 258
- An FAA certified aircraft that is configured to transport and deliver fire-retardant solutions to wildland fires. In ICS, these aircraft are controlled by the Air Attack Coordinator on an incident.
Air tanker
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- The _______ drop is a single drop from one door at a time, or it could be made from multiple doors, depending on the aircraft. In this case the aircraft makes more than one drop on a single flight over the incident.
Split drop
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- The _______ drop is a series of overlapping drops or one drawn out drop made by activating the opening of the tank doors in a prescribed sequence allowing for a long, continuous retardant drop.
Trail
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- The _______ drop occurs when the entire load is dropped at one time.
Salvo drop
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- A low pass that is made by the lead plane and/or air tanker over the drop site before making an actual retardant drop. This allows the pilots to test the atmospheric conditions before committing to a lower altitude and confirms the location of the requested drop.
Dry run
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- Any substance that by chemical or physical action reduces flammability of combustibles.
Fire retardants
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- The usage of retardant drops to pretreat the fuel before the actual fire reaching it to slow or retard fires spread rate.
Pretreatment
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- Fire line that is a result of a retardant drop. The application of a retardant line must be followed up by ground suppression activities for best effectiveness.
Retardant line
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- Wing tip vortex is a turbulence caused by air slipping off the wing tips of aircraft in flight and can cause adverse effects on fire spread and on other aircraft following through it. A similar action that occurs with helicopters is called rotor blade down wash or rotor vortex.
Vortex
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________ are used on wildland fires with the intention of attaining prompt control.
Aircraft
p 259
The air attack is most effective when making fast initial attack on small fires followed by fast, aggressive _________ _________.
ground action
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The ____ _______ _______ Supervisor flies above the fire and tells the air tankers where their drops are to be made or provides tactical objectives to the _____ ________ / _______ ________ Coordinator who gives direct supervision to air tankers.
Air Tactical Group / Air Tanker/Fixed Wing
p 259
Air tactical operations are always coordinated with the ____________ _________ Chief who is directing all suppression operations.
Operations Section
p 259
Rules when being dropped on by an air tanker.
- Move out of the _______ ______ if there is time.
- If not, stay way from large, old ______; ______ or ______ may break off and cause injury.
- Never _______ ____ and ______ an incoming retardant drop, this will only increase chances of injury.
- target area
- trees / limbs or tops
- stand up and face
p 259
When in the drop area:
- The most dangerous area for ground personnel is in the ________ ____ to _____ feet of the drop pattern.
- If possible, grab something _______ and get behind it. Lie down on your __________ facing the oncoming airdrop.
- Cover your ______ and hold ______ firmly out to the side and away from your body.
- center 15 to 20 feet
- solid / stomach
- face / tools
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Rotary wing aircraft consists of all sizes of ___________.
helicopters
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- A water/retardant delivery system that is suspended below the helicopter via cable capable of dipping from a natural or constructed water source or a portable retardant plant. The cable length may vary from 15 to 150 feet.
Bucket
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- Vehicle used to transport personnel and related support equipment needed in conjunction with helicopter operations.
Helitack Mobile Service Unit (HMSU)
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- An improved place or spot where a helicopter takes off or lands.
Helispot
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Rotary wing aircraft uses:
- _______________ - a flight that provides an aerial platform for observation and intelligence gathering over an incident.
- _____________ - The helicopter has proven to be very effective method of _____________ personnel and/or injured personnel from dangerous situations.
- Reconnaissance
- Evacuation / evacuating
p 260-261
Helicopter safety:
- Never approach a helicopter from the ______.
- Do not face a landing helicopter unless your are wearing _________.
- rear
- goggles
p 261
