section III Flashcards
Lysosomes
digestive organelles, breaking down a variety of macromolecules
lumen contains hydrolases
enzyme that break down the macromolecules and function only at low pH
Lumen acidity ph5.5, maintained by ATPases that pumps hydrogen against its concentration gradient into the lysosomes
breakdown products for anabolic processes
mitochondria
energy generators of the cell, producing the majority of ATP required for cellular process
outer and inner membrane , inner membrane impermeable and contains invaginations refers to as cristae
space inside is call mitochondrial matrix
inside mitochondria
enzymes comprising the electron transport chain, ATP synthase are located inside cristae
enzymes for fuel oxidation (tricarboxylic acid cyle, and beta-oxidation) located inside matrix
Proteins for ETC sit in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
DNA that encode severe ETC proteins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
contains enzymes for synthesis of lipids
site of drug and boxing metabolism
storage of glycogen
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes are located on the outer surface
major ice of cellular protein synthesis from mRNAs
sorting of newly-synthesized proteins
translation modification such as N-linked glycosylation
golgi complex
membranous orgnalle involved in sorting and distribution of proteins and lipids synthesized in the ER
vesicles with lipids or proteins synthesized in the ER fuse with the golgi apparatus
proteins and lipids are sorted and packaged into vesicles with different fates and function. lysomes and secretary vesicles are produced in the golgi
proteins are post-translationally modified in the Golgi, especially modifications with sugar
cellular cytoskeleton
structure and shape of the cell as well as the arrangement of the sub cellular organelles and movement of vesicles
microtubules
cylindrical tubules made of tubular subunits. They position organelles in the cytoplasm and are critical for movement of cellular vesicles
form mitotic spindles
formation is the target of several cancer therapeutics,…
actin filament
made up of actin submits. control cell shape and cell movement (division, contractions, engulfment, and any wholesale movement of cells involved in normal organ fucnito nor organismal development
intermediate filaments
different types are made up fo distinct fibrous proteins . the provide structural support for the plasma and nuclear membrane. provide stability to cells under conditions of mechanical force
nucleus
house genetic material and is the largest of the subcellular organelles
double lipid bilayer membrane (nuclear envelope) with special pore for structure entry and exit for protein and RNA
Nucleolus
inside the nucleus. does not have a membrane and consists of an aggregation of genes encoding ribosomal RNA and proteins that regulate them. ribosomal subunits (40s and 60s) are also assemble in the nucleolus
heterochromatin
tightly compacted chromatin
euchromatin
loosely compacted chromatin-location of transcribed genes