Section C Flashcards
What is the lack circular aperture in the center of the iris?
Pupil
What is a system of muscles, tendons,and ligaments,in the horses body and legs that allows the horse to sleep while standing up?
Stay apparatus
What is the bulge on the head of an Arabian called?
Jibbah
What is the pigmented membrane of the eye situated weekend the cornea and the lens?
Iris
What muscular membranous chamber is common to both the digestive and respiratory tract?
Pharynx
During swallowing the myohyoid and hyoglossus muscles raise what part of the mouth against the hard palate?
Tongue
During ingestion what change in the pharynx forces feed into the esophagus?
Increase in pressure
What are the two blood vessels of the liver?
Portal vein and hepatic artery
Which one of the hepatic blood vessels, hepatic artery or portal vein, supplies the oxygen to the liver cell?
Hepatic artery
Insulin and glucagon are the hormone secreted by what gland?
Pancreas
What part of the horse is located at the middle of the shoulder joint?
Point of shoulder
The modern horse walks on his third digit, which is comparable to what part of the human body?
The middle finger
What six main parts of the horses for like make up the area of the horse known as the manus?
Carpus/knee, metacarpus/cannon, fetlock/ankle, pastern, coronet, hoof
What six main parts of the horses hind leg make up the area of the horse known as the pes?
Tarsis/hock, metatarsus/cannon, fetlock/ankle, pastern, coronet, hood
What are the two scientific terms indicating locations of body parts toward the back or the belly?
Dorsal indicates back and ventral indicates belly
What directional term describes relative locations of parts of the horse which are located near the back?
Dorsal
What directional term describes relative locations of parts of the horse which are located near the belly?
Ventral
What directional term describes the relative location of parts of the horse that are located closer to the horses cranium?
Cranial
What directional term describes the relative location of parts of the horse that are located closer to the horses tail?
Caudal
What is the scientific term for the horses skull case?
Cranium
What is the scientific term for the horses tail?
Cauda equina
What directional term describes the relative location of parts of the horses head which are closer to the nose?
Rostral
What is the scientific term for the horses nose?
Rostrum
What directional term describes the relative location of parts a horses leg which indicates a location towards the attached end of the limb?
Proximal
What directional term describes the relative location of parts of the horses leg which indicates a location towards the free end of the limb?
Distal
The axis represents the center of a horses limb. What directional term describes the structure which is located away from the axis?
Abaxial
The axis represents the center of a horses limb. What directional term describes the structure which is located towards the axis?
Axial
What directional term describes an imaginary line which divides the body into right and left halves?
Median plane
What directional term describes structures closer to the median plane?
Medial
What directional term describes structures which light away from the median plane?
Lateral
What directional term describes a plane which passes through the head, trunk for lamb perpendicular to the parts long axis?
Transverse plane
Directional term describes a plane which passes through a body part parallel to it’s dorsal surface?
Dorsal plane
What term describes the hairs that protrude from the skin around the horses eyelids, nostrils, and lips?
Tactile or feeling hairs
What is the term for the sheath covering the penis?
Prepuce
Name the structures which are located proximal to the carpus on the front likes, and distal to the hock on the hind leg, and are used to help identify horses.
Chestnuts or night eyes
What structures can be found by parting the hairs on the Palmer on the forelimb or plantar on the hind limb surface of the fetlock?
Ergot
What structures are believed to be vestiges of the carpal and tarsal pads of carnivores?
Chestnut or night eyes
Ergots are considered to be vestiges of what structures?
Metacarpal and metatarsal pads
What substance creates color in horses hoof?
Pigment
What is the body’s largest organ?
Skin
What part of the mares anatomy consists of mammary glands and highly developed and modified apocrine tubular gland’s?
Udder
What five parts of the top line lie between the poll and the tail head?
Crest, withers, back, loin, croup
On the horses skull, sutures are fibrous joints that ossify with what?
Age
The upper incisor teeth are located in what bone?
Incisive bones
What structure divides the nasal cavity into halves?
Nasal septum
Name the structure that supports the guttural pouches, pharynx, larynx, and the root of the tongue
Hyoid apparatus
The lacrimal gland secretes what substance?
Tears
A blocked nasal lacrimal duct causes overflow of what substance?
Tears
List four locations where saliva enters the oral cavity
Parotid duct, buccal glands, mandibular duct, sublingual gland
In a mare what teeth are absent or rudimentary?
Canine teeth
What is a wolf tooth?
A small inconstant first upper pre-molar
What is usually done when a horse has a wolf tooth?
It is removed
What term describes deciduous teeth that remain attached to erupted permanent teeth?
Caps
Of the central enamel, layer of cement covers the crown and fills in what part of the tooth?
Infundibulum
In the early infundibulum there’s a dark cavity called what?
Cup
Sharp edges that develop on the buccal side of the upper cheek teeth and the lingual side of the lowers is called what?
Points
Sharp points on molars can cut the cheek or tongue and have to be cut off which is called what?
Floated or filed down
The lateral profile angle of incisors becomes more acute as the horse does what?
Ages
Yellowish bone marrow primarily consists of what cells?
Fat cells
In the horse, this is the largest gland.
Liver
Name the structure that may be visible on the left side of the neck during swallowing
Esophagus
With the exception of the atlas and axis joints or the vertebrae joined together?
By discs of cartilage
What is the common cause of wobbler syndrome and most prevalent in which two breeds?
Malformation of the cervical vertebrae mostly males and prevalent in thoroughbreds and quarter horses
What is another name for the proximal middle and distal phalanges
First second and third phalanx
What is the term for the wings on the atlas and sacrum?
Transverse processes
The atlantooccipital joint is more commonly known by what term?
Atlas joint
The horse has 18 pairs of ribs. How many pairs articulate with the sternum?
8
What does the term floating ribs refer to?
The false ribs of the horse that are not connected to the sternum and lack costal cartilage
What do true ribs articulate with?
Sternum
What is another name for false ribs?
Asternal ribs
Name the four shapes the bones are classified as
Long, short, flat, or irregular
What is the production source of most blood cells?
Red marrow
What is the vessel Rich, bone producing membrane that covers the bone?
Periosteum
What articulates with both the middle and distal phalanges?
Navicular bone
Which two bones serve as pulleys that change the direction of the deep digital flexor tendon?
Proximal and distal sesamoid bones
Which leg bones are deeply imbedded in and supported by ligaments but are still prone to fractures?
Proximal sesamoid bones
What is the name of the hyaline cartilage that grows and ossifies, increasing a bones length?
Growth plate
Give an example of a spheroidal joint
Hip joint
Give an example of a ginglymus joint
Elbow joint
What is another name for the metacarpal phalangeal joint
Fetlock joint
What is another name for the distal interphalangeal joint
Coffin joint
What is another name for the proximal interphalangeus joint
Pastern joint
What is the function of the superficial digital flexor tendon?
To resist downward motion
Stabilization of the joints of the fore limb by ligaments and tendons by the stay apparatus allows the horse to do what
Sleep while standing
The suspensory ligament, the proximal sesamoid bones, and the three distal prevent overextension of what joint?
Fetlock joint
With what does the dermal laminae interlock?
Epidermal laminae
The navicular bursa acts as a cushion between what two structures?
Navicular bone and the deep digital flexor tendon
Name the five bones of the pelvic girdle
Ilium, pubis, ischium, sacrum, caudal vertebrae
Name the four bones of the thigh and leg
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula
What joint is made up of the femoropatellar joint and the femorobiial joint?
Stifle joint
Describe the difference in functions of insulin and glucagon in horses body
Insulin decreases blood sugar and glucagon mobilizes the blood sugar
What causes the horses gut sounds?
Propulsion of gas and fluid through the large intestine
A trocar can be used to allow gas to escape from witch distended part of the large intestine?
Cecum
What is the purpose of the subcutis layer of the horses skin?
Attaches the skin to the underlying structures
What term refers to the halie cellular tissue with flat, horny surface cells, and contains the hair follicle?
Epidermis
Which layer of skin contains the hair follicle?
Epidermis
Which layer of the skin is constructed of loose, connective tissue containing deposits of fat and attaches the skin to underlying structures?
Subcutis
What two types of skin glands empty into the hair follicles?
Sebaceous oil glands and apocrine tubular sweat glands
What substance is secreted by the sebaceous glands?
Sebum
Oil not acceptable
What substance is secreted by the apocrine tubular glands?
Sweat
What are two ways to increase hoof moisture content?
exercise; coronary band massage
