Section A - Urban Growth in Nigeria

Question 1

Lagos Case Study - Location?

Answer 1

Location- Lagos is one of the world’s major cities and is the most populous city in Africa, Lagos City in Lagos State is Nigeria’s largest city and its economic capital. Lagos is in the Southwest of Nigeria, Lagos is on the coast of the gulf of guinea, and Lagos is Close to the border of Benin. Lagos is a Megacity.

Question 2

Lagos Case Study - Name 3 pieces of evidence for the Cause of Growth

Answer 2

123,000 young migrants a day in Lagos
Lagos experienced an influx of over 7 million people from 1990 to 2004 with many of these from other poor regions.
Most migrants are from rural
60% of Lagos are under 25 and they tend to have children which increases the population
Life expectancy in Lagos is above 50 years as healthcare is improving which increases the population
Lagos Expansion took off during the oil boom 1970s
Boko Haram, a terrorist group, creates insecurity in the north of Nigeria forcing people to migrate to well-protected Lagos

Question 3

Lagos Case Study - Name 3 pieces of evidence for Importance

Answer 3

Centre of trade and commerce
Had a GDP of over $136 billion in 2017
Lagos provides 30% of Nigerias’ GDP with only 10% of it’s population
Accounts for over 60% of industrial and commercial ventures of Nigeria
A 2015 report by The Economist states that annually Lagos State generates $90 billion in goods and services.

Question 4

Lagos Case Study - Name pieces of evidence for Social opportunities for Employment, Education, Electricity, Crime Reduction, Healthcare, Water Supply

Answer 4

Employment- more jobs in Lagos including the informal economy for example street vendors paying no tax
Education- Average year of schooling is 9 years which is higher than outside of the city
Electricity- 2 new power stations to help reduce power cuts
Crime Reduction- 3 new helicopters to tackle high crime levels
Healthcare- better healthcare than outside the city but not always free
Water supply- only the wealthy have water supply, others have to use public taps

Question 5

Lagos Case Study - Name 3 pieces of evidence for Economic Opportunites

Answer 5

Lagos has a busy seaport
It has a major international airport which is the main arrival point for 80% of flights to West Africa
Shell directly employs 6000 but 240,000 oil leaks in Niger Delta/per year

Question 6

Lagos Case Study - Give Benefits and Drawbacks of working in the informal economy

Answer 6

Benefits- 90% of new jobs are created in the informal sector, don’t pay tax
Problems- People can work for more than 12 hours and can be dangerous, do not support the economy, live on less than a pound a day

Question 7

Lagos Case Study - What are the 3 main urban challenges?

Answer 7

Managing Urban Growth, Water Supply and Pollution, Traffic Congestion

Question 8

Lagos Case Study - Makoko Slums - List an opportunity

Answer 8

Opportunities- it’s on the water so they can fish to make a living

Question 9

Lagos Case Study - Makoko Slums - List 3 problems

Answer 9

Problems-
60% of Lagos live in squatter settlements like Makoko slums
Most people who live in the slums live on less than 1$ a day
Makoko Slums have poor sanitation, 4% drink from rivers where 33% pour their sewage.
Clashes of Area Boys kill 270 every year
Some areas of Lagos can be without electricity for 20 hours a day
Infrastructure vulnerability- sea-level change and flooding are very likely

Question 10

Lagos Case Study - Makoko Slums - Give evidence about the lack of legal rights

Answer 10

Lack of legal rights- only 7% have legal rights to land

Question 11

Lagos Case Study - Makoko Slums - Give evidence about unemployment

Answer 11

Unemployment- in 2014 19% of people were employed

Question 12

Lagos Case Study - Makoko Slums - Give evidence about electricity

Answer 12

Electricity- Over 90% of slums have no electricity

Question 13

Lagos Case Study - Makoko Slums - Give evidence about education

Answer 13

Education- There is no government school to accommodate the 20,000 children

Question 14

Lagos Case Study - Makoko Slums - Give Evidence about Healthcare

Answer 14

Healthcare- the risk of waterborne diseases with only one small hospital to accommodate the 100,000+ residents

Question 15

Lagos Case Study - Olusosun Dumpsite - Name 3 Opportunites

Answer 15

Opportunities-
There are shops, bars and a mosque at the dump
500 people work there sorting 3,000 tonnes of waste
Harvesting waste from the Olusosun dump produces 25MW of electricity from methane gas emitted

Question 16

Lagos Case Study - Olusosun Dumpsite - Name 2 Problems

Answer 16

Problems-

Not properly monitored as it is in the informal sector

Question 17

Lagos Case Study - The Bus Rapid Transport System - Name 3 key facts

Answer 17

The Bus rapid transport system-
It’s is a 22km project connecting Lagos mainland with the island
Uses 220 buses to move 200,000 passengers 16 hours daily
Costs $120 million funded by the World Bank

Question 18

Lagos Case Study - The Bus Rapid Transport System - Name 3 Problems of traffic congestion

Answer 18

Problems-
Spend an averagely of 4 hours on a single journey
32/1000 fatal accident rate in Lagos 3 times higher than any European City.
The annual mean rate of 10μg/m3 of pollution in Lagos mainly due to transport

Question 19

Lagos Case Study - How much of the population has access to piped water?

Answer 19

Only 10% of Lagos have access to piped water that has been treated and purified. The rest of the population relies on water vendors or digs their own wells or sink boreholes to reach groundwater.

Question 20

Lagos Case Study - What did Lagos do to tackle water issues?

Answer 20

In 2012, the newly formed Lagos State Water Regulatory Commission began the job of regulating the water supply and water vendors and issuing licences for boreholes. It is responsible for ensuring a safe water supply at a reasonable price for consumers.

Question 21

Lagos Case Study - How does pollution affect Lagos Water Supply?

Answer 21

Drinking water in Lagos often contains bacterial or chemical pollution that
can lead to diarrhoea. The number of cases of diseases like cholera and
dysentery has increased. One of the main causes of pollution is the lack of
a proper sewage system in the city. Sewage is sometimes disposed of with
rainwater through open drains. It is carried into rivers and the Lagoon, which
also become polluted.

Question 22

Lagos Case Study - Why could the rising seal level be a bigger threat to Lagos than other cities?

Answer 22

> Lagos’ coastal location, making it vulnerable to the sea; most of Lagos lies less than 2 metres above sea level
flat, low-lying land that is quick to flood but slow to drain
a wet, tropical climate with over 2,000 millimetres of annual rainfall
rapid urbanisation that has covered the land with buildings and concrete
squatter settlements, built without any proper drainage
land reclamation that has reduced the area of water for
floodwater to drain into.

Question 23

Lagos Case Study - Name and provide details on 3 different urban planning projects highlighting their success.

Answer 23

> $200 million funding by World Bank for Lagos Metropolitan & Governance Project- moderately successful as 7/10 health facilities were constructed and 280 out of planned 450 classrooms were built
Eko Atlantic Project- 10 square km of reclaimed land- moderately successful it got delayed by 10 years
Makoko Floating school which hosts up to 60 children- was successful at first as it was sustainable but it collapsed in 2016 due to heavy rainfall