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Geography > Section A: The Challenge of Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Section A: The Challenge of Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

How do Nepal and Chile differ in terms of wealth?

A

Chile has a higher GDP and level of
development compared to Nepal. Chile’s
GDP is the 38th highest in the world
whereas Nepal’s GDP is 109th in the
world.

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2
Q

When was the Chile Earthquake?

A

17th February 2010

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3
Q

What was the magnitude of the Chile earthquake?

A

8.8 on the Richter scale.

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4
Q

When was the Nepal earthquake?

A

25th April 2015.

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5
Q

What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?

A

7.9 on the Richter scale.

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6
Q

How many people died in the Chile earthquake?

A

500.

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7
Q

How many people were injured in the Chile
earthquake?

A

12,000.

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8
Q

Overall, how many people were affected by the Chile
earthquake?

A

Around 800,000.

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9
Q

What were the effects of the Chile earthquake on
buildings and infrastructure?

A

Thousands of buildings and vital
infrastructure destroyed, including:
● 22,000 homes,
● 4,500 schools,
● 56 hospitals,
● 53 ports,
● The Santiago airport (damaged),
● Electricity, water and
communications infrastructure.

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10
Q

What was the estimated cost of the Chile
earthquake?

A

USD$30 billion.

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11
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Chile
earthquake?

A

Landslides damaged 1500km of roads.
A tsunami hit coastal areas of Chile.
Fires broke out e.g. a fire in a chemical
plant outside Santiago.

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12
Q

How many people died in the Nepal earthquake?

A

9,000.

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13
Q

How many people were injured in the Nepal
earthquake?

A

20,000.

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14
Q

Overall, how many people were affected by the
Nepal earthquake?

A

Over 8 million (⅓ of Nepal’s population).

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15
Q

How many people were left homeless by the Nepal
earthquake?

A

3 million.

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16
Q

How many schools were destroyed in the Nepal
earthquake?

A

7000.

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17
Q

How many shops were destroyed in the
Nepal earthquake and how did this affect
the population?

A

50% of shops were destroyed, which
limited food supplies in Nepal and
affected people’s sources of income.

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18
Q

How many people were in urgent need of food, water
and shelter after the Nepal earthquake?

A

1.4 million.

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19
Q

How did the Nepal earthquake affect utilities (e.g.
electricity, water etc.)?

A

Electricity, water, sanitation and
communications severely affected due to
damaged and destroyed infrastructure.

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20
Q

What was the estimated cost of the Nepal
earthquake?

A

USD$5 billion.

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21
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Nepal
earthquake?

A

Landslides and avalanches triggered.
Landslides blocked rivers like the Kali
Gandaki river and flooded areas.

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22
Q

How many people died in an avalanche on Mount
Everest triggered by the Nepal earthquake?

A

At least 19.

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23
Q

What did Chile do to find and help survivors after
the earthquake?

A

Deployed search and rescue teams to
search for survivors, and set up
temporary field hospitals to care for
them.

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24
Q

What repairs were carried out immediately in Chile to
help with relief efforts?

A

Temporary repairs to the Route 5
north-south highway which connects the
capital, Santiago, to the rest of the
country.

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25
Q

How many shelters were immediately set up and
built in Chile for the homeless?

A

5,000 temporary shelters were
immediately distributed and enough
money was eventually raised to build
30,000 temporary shelters.

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26
Q

How quickly was power and water restored in Chile
after the earthquake?

A

Power and water was restored to 90% of
homes within 10 days.

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27
Q

How much money was raised after the Chile
earthquake?

A

USD$60 million.

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28
Q

How did Chile respond to destroyed and damaged
housing in the long-term?

A

National housing reconstruction plan
introduced one month after the earthquake.
$USD2.5 billion pledged for 196,000
households affected.
Unsafe buildings were demolished.

29
Q

Did Chile rely on foreign aid in the long-term?

A

Chile did not rely heavily on foreign aid
for recovery due to Chile’s strong
economy and preparedness.

30
Q

How did Nepal source relief supplies immediately
after the earthquake?

A

Nepal relied heavily on international aid
from areas such as China, India and the
UK. These countries supplied medical
support and essential supplies.

31
Q

How much was raised internationally after the Nepal
earthquake?

A

Over £87 million in donations alone.

32
Q

What did Nepal use for search, rescue and support?

A

Helicopters were used to search for
survivors and reach those trapped from
landslides and avalanches. They were
also used for resource distribution to cut
off communities.

33
Q

How and why were tents so heavily relied upon after
the Nepal earthquake?

A

Half a million tents were supplied and used for
shelter for the homeless, classrooms and
temporary hospitals/health care centres.
Hospitals were severely overwhelmed and
there were fears of more severe aftershocks
causing more damage to buildings.

34
Q

How many people immediately fled Kathmandu after
the earthquake?

A

300,000.

35
Q

How was social media used immediately after the
Nepal earthquake?

A

Social media sites such as Facebook
allowed people to mark themselves as
safe, to let family members know they
were out of danger.

36
Q

How did Nepal respond to damaged and destroyed
buildings in the long-term?

A

In 2019, 3/4 of homes were either fully
rebuilt or under repair. The government
introduced stricter building codes.

37
Q

What issues associated with landslides did Nepal
have to respond to in the long-term?

A

Lakes formed by landslides needed to be
carefully drained and cleared so rivers
could return to normal. Roads also had
to be repaired after landslide damage.

38
Q

What were the long-term responses to Mount
Everest routes?

A

By August 2015, base camp and the
routes on Mount Everest were repaired
and mountaineers could return.

39
Q

What happened in September 2015 that severely
hindered Nepal’s recovery process?

A

India imposed a blockade at the border,
which stopped fuel, medicines and
earthquake relief material from being
transported into Nepal.

40
Q

When did Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines?

A

7th November 2013.

41
Q

How strong was Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Category 5 super typhoon.

42
Q

What were the sustained (10 minute) wind speeds of
Typhoon Haiyan at its peak intensity?

A

230 km/h (145 mph).

43
Q

What were the sustained (1 minute) wind speeds of
Typhoon Haiyan at its peak intensity?

A

315 km/h (195 mph).

44
Q

How many people died in Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6,300.

45
Q

On average, how large were the storm surges
caused by Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Over 5 metres.

46
Q

How many fishing boats were destroyed?

A

30,000.

47
Q

How many people were displaced due to Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

Over 600,000.

48
Q

How many homes were damaged or destroyed in
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

40,000.

49
Q

How much of the city of Tacloban was destroyed by
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

90% of the city.

50
Q

As well as the storm surge, what were the other
primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Heavy winds damaging infrastructure.
Heavy rain (over 400mm) causing
flooding.

51
Q

How many people were affected by Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

14 million people.

52
Q

How many people lost their source of income due to
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6 million.

53
Q

How did Typhoon Haiyan affect health?

A

There were major shortages of food,
water and shelter. The outbreak of
disease was feared due to poor
sanitation conditions in shelters and
overwhelming amounts of dead bodies.

54
Q

How long was power out in some places after
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Up to a month after the typhoon.

55
Q

What other effects did flooding have after Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

Triggered landslides, which blocked
roads and slowed relief efforts.

56
Q

What slowed the distribution of aid after Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

Major disruptions to flights and ferry
services, making it difficult to reach
remote communities.

57
Q

How did Typhoon Haiyan affect crime?

A

Looting and violence broke out in
Tacloban.

58
Q

How did international aid organisations respond to
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

They brought food, water, aid supplies
and temporary shelters to support those
affected.

59
Q

How did the Philippines Red Cross prepare for
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

They pre-positioned emergency supplies
ahead of the typhoon which meant they
could be distributed quickly after the
typhoon hit.

60
Q

How many people did the Red Cross supply clean
water to after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

1 million.

61
Q

How did Canada and the US respond to Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

Deployed military aircrafts to assist with
search and rescue and supply
distribution.

62
Q

How did France, Belgium and Israel immediately
respond to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

They set up field hospitals to help the
injured.

63
Q

How many evacuation centres were set up after
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

1,200.

64
Q

How did the UNDP support locals whilst also funding
the clean-up process after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Set up cash-for-work schemes which
paid villagers to clear debris and medical
waste.

65
Q

How was the risk of disease outbreaks limited in the
long-term?

A

Polio and measles vaccines were given
to children in a mass immunisation
program.

66
Q

What was the ‘build back better’ strategy
implemented by the Philippines government and how
successful has it been?

A

A scheme for 205,000 homes to be
rebuilt away from high risk coastal areas.
In 2016, only 1% of the target had been
achieved.

67
Q

How have fishing and agricultural sectors recovered
from Typhoon Haiyan in the long term?

A

Fishing boats donated by organisations
like Oxfam supported the fishing sector.
Rice farming was quickly re-established
but coconut farming is taking longer as
trees take years to grow.

68
Q

What have environmental organisations been doing
in the long-term after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Protecting and replanting mangrove
forests, which are important for fishing
and act as a barrier against storm
surges.

Geography (6 decks)

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