Section A: The Challenge of Natural Hazards Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

How do Nepal and Chile differ in terms of wealth?

A

Chile has a higher GDP and level of
development compared to Nepal. Chile’s
GDP is the 38th highest in the world
whereas Nepal’s GDP is 109th in the
world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When was the Chile Earthquake?

A

17th February 2010

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the magnitude of the Chile earthquake?

A

8.8 on the Richter scale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When was the Nepal earthquake?

A

25th April 2015.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?

A

7.9 on the Richter scale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many people died in the Chile earthquake?

A

500.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many people were injured in the Chile
earthquake?

A

12,000.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Overall, how many people were affected by the Chile
earthquake?

A

Around 800,000.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the effects of the Chile earthquake on
buildings and infrastructure?

A

Thousands of buildings and vital
infrastructure destroyed, including:
● 22,000 homes,
● 4,500 schools,
● 56 hospitals,
● 53 ports,
● The Santiago airport (damaged),
● Electricity, water and
communications infrastructure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was the estimated cost of the Chile
earthquake?

A

USD$30 billion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Chile
earthquake?

A

Landslides damaged 1500km of roads.
A tsunami hit coastal areas of Chile.
Fires broke out e.g. a fire in a chemical
plant outside Santiago.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many people died in the Nepal earthquake?

A

9,000.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many people were injured in the Nepal
earthquake?

A

20,000.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Overall, how many people were affected by the
Nepal earthquake?

A

Over 8 million (⅓ of Nepal’s population).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many people were left homeless by the Nepal
earthquake?

A

3 million.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many schools were destroyed in the Nepal
earthquake?

A

7000.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many shops were destroyed in the
Nepal earthquake and how did this affect
the population?

A

50% of shops were destroyed, which
limited food supplies in Nepal and
affected people’s sources of income.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many people were in urgent need of food, water
and shelter after the Nepal earthquake?

A

1.4 million.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How did the Nepal earthquake affect utilities (e.g.
electricity, water etc.)?

A

Electricity, water, sanitation and
communications severely affected due to
damaged and destroyed infrastructure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was the estimated cost of the Nepal
earthquake?

A

USD$5 billion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Nepal
earthquake?

A

Landslides and avalanches triggered.
Landslides blocked rivers like the Kali
Gandaki river and flooded areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many people died in an avalanche on Mount
Everest triggered by the Nepal earthquake?

A

At least 19.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did Chile do to find and help survivors after
the earthquake?

A

Deployed search and rescue teams to
search for survivors, and set up
temporary field hospitals to care for
them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What repairs were carried out immediately in Chile to
help with relief efforts?

A

Temporary repairs to the Route 5
north-south highway which connects the
capital, Santiago, to the rest of the
country.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many shelters were immediately set up and
built in Chile for the homeless?

A

5,000 temporary shelters were
immediately distributed and enough
money was eventually raised to build
30,000 temporary shelters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How quickly was power and water restored in Chile
after the earthquake?

A

Power and water was restored to 90% of
homes within 10 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How much money was raised after the Chile
earthquake?

A

USD$60 million.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How did Chile respond to destroyed and damaged
housing in the long-term?

A

National housing reconstruction plan
introduced one month after the earthquake.
$USD2.5 billion pledged for 196,000
households affected.
Unsafe buildings were demolished.

29
Q

Did Chile rely on foreign aid in the long-term?

A

Chile did not rely heavily on foreign aid
for recovery due to Chile’s strong
economy and preparedness.

30
Q

How did Nepal source relief supplies immediately
after the earthquake?

A

Nepal relied heavily on international aid
from areas such as China, India and the
UK. These countries supplied medical
support and essential supplies.

31
Q

How much was raised internationally after the Nepal
earthquake?

A

Over £87 million in donations alone.

32
Q

What did Nepal use for search, rescue and support?

A

Helicopters were used to search for
survivors and reach those trapped from
landslides and avalanches. They were
also used for resource distribution to cut
off communities.

33
Q

How and why were tents so heavily relied upon after
the Nepal earthquake?

A

Half a million tents were supplied and used for
shelter for the homeless, classrooms and
temporary hospitals/health care centres.
Hospitals were severely overwhelmed and
there were fears of more severe aftershocks
causing more damage to buildings.

34
Q

How many people immediately fled Kathmandu after
the earthquake?

A

300,000.

35
Q

How was social media used immediately after the
Nepal earthquake?

A

Social media sites such as Facebook
allowed people to mark themselves as
safe, to let family members know they
were out of danger.

36
Q

How did Nepal respond to damaged and destroyed
buildings in the long-term?

A

In 2019, 3/4 of homes were either fully
rebuilt or under repair. The government
introduced stricter building codes.

37
Q

What issues associated with landslides did Nepal
have to respond to in the long-term?

A

Lakes formed by landslides needed to be
carefully drained and cleared so rivers
could return to normal. Roads also had
to be repaired after landslide damage.

38
Q

What were the long-term responses to Mount
Everest routes?

A

By August 2015, base camp and the
routes on Mount Everest were repaired
and mountaineers could return.

39
Q

What happened in September 2015 that severely
hindered Nepal’s recovery process?

A

India imposed a blockade at the border,
which stopped fuel, medicines and
earthquake relief material from being
transported into Nepal.

40
Q

When did Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines?

A

7th November 2013.

41
Q

How strong was Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Category 5 super typhoon.

42
Q

What were the sustained (10 minute) wind speeds of
Typhoon Haiyan at its peak intensity?

A

230 km/h (145 mph).

43
Q

What were the sustained (1 minute) wind speeds of
Typhoon Haiyan at its peak intensity?

A

315 km/h (195 mph).

44
Q

How many people died in Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6,300.

45
Q

On average, how large were the storm surges
caused by Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Over 5 metres.

46
Q

How many fishing boats were destroyed?

A

30,000.

47
Q

How many people were displaced due to Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

Over 600,000.

48
Q

How many homes were damaged or destroyed in
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

40,000.

49
Q

How much of the city of Tacloban was destroyed by
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

90% of the city.

50
Q

As well as the storm surge, what were the other
primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Heavy winds damaging infrastructure.
Heavy rain (over 400mm) causing
flooding.

51
Q

How many people were affected by Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

14 million people.

52
Q

How many people lost their source of income due to
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6 million.

53
Q

How did Typhoon Haiyan affect health?

A

There were major shortages of food,
water and shelter. The outbreak of
disease was feared due to poor
sanitation conditions in shelters and
overwhelming amounts of dead bodies.

54
Q

How long was power out in some places after
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Up to a month after the typhoon.

55
Q

What other effects did flooding have after Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

Triggered landslides, which blocked
roads and slowed relief efforts.

56
Q

What slowed the distribution of aid after Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

Major disruptions to flights and ferry
services, making it difficult to reach
remote communities.

57
Q

How did Typhoon Haiyan affect crime?

A

Looting and violence broke out in
Tacloban.

58
Q

How did international aid organisations respond to
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

They brought food, water, aid supplies
and temporary shelters to support those
affected.

59
Q

How did the Philippines Red Cross prepare for
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

They pre-positioned emergency supplies
ahead of the typhoon which meant they
could be distributed quickly after the
typhoon hit.

60
Q

How many people did the Red Cross supply clean
water to after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

1 million.

61
Q

How did Canada and the US respond to Typhoon
Haiyan?

A

Deployed military aircrafts to assist with
search and rescue and supply
distribution.

62
Q

How did France, Belgium and Israel immediately
respond to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

They set up field hospitals to help the
injured.

63
Q

How many evacuation centres were set up after
Typhoon Haiyan?

A

1,200.

64
Q

How did the UNDP support locals whilst also funding
the clean-up process after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Set up cash-for-work schemes which
paid villagers to clear debris and medical
waste.

65
Q

How was the risk of disease outbreaks limited in the
long-term?

A

Polio and measles vaccines were given
to children in a mass immunisation
program.

66
Q

What was the ‘build back better’ strategy
implemented by the Philippines government and how
successful has it been?

A

A scheme for 205,000 homes to be
rebuilt away from high risk coastal areas.
In 2016, only 1% of the target had been
achieved.

67
Q

How have fishing and agricultural sectors recovered
from Typhoon Haiyan in the long term?

A

Fishing boats donated by organisations
like Oxfam supported the fishing sector.
Rice farming was quickly re-established
but coconut farming is taking longer as
trees take years to grow.

68
Q

What have environmental organisations been doing
in the long-term after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Protecting and replanting mangrove
forests, which are important for fishing
and act as a barrier against storm
surges.