Section 9 - Further Synthesis and Analysis Flashcards by Holly Noble

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkane to Haloalkane

X₂
UV light

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Haloalkane to Amine

ammonia
heat

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Haloalkane to nitrile

KCN
ethanol
reflux

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Nitrile to amine

LiAlH₄
dilute sulfuric acid

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

haloalkane to alcohol

aqueous NaOH
warm
reflux

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Haloalkane to Alkene

KOH
ethanol
reflux

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkene to haloalkane

HX
20^oc

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkene to Alkane

H₂
Ni
200^oc

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkene to Alcohol

conc H₃PO₄
steam
300^oc

60 atm

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alcohol to Alkene

conc sulfuric acid
180^oc
reflux

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkene to Alkyl Hydrogensulphate

conc sulfuric acid

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkyl Hydrogensulphate to Alcohol

dilute
warm

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alcohol to ketone

Kr₂Cr₂O₇
Sulfuric acid
heat
distillation

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Ketone to secondary alcohol

aqeous NaBH₄
methanol

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alcohol to aldehyde

K₂Cr₂O₇
sulfuric acid
heat
distil

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

aqueous NaBH₄
methanol

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Ketone to 2-Hydroxynitrile

aqueous HCN
sulfuric acid
20^oc

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Aldehyde to 2-Hydroxynitrile

aqueous KCN
sulfuric acid
20^oc

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Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

K₂Cr₂O₇
sulfuric acid
heat

Tollen’s/Fehling’s reagent

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Carboxylic acid to ester

alcohol
conc sulfuric acid
heat

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Ester to Carboxylic acid

dilute sulfuric acid
water
reflux

dilute NaOH
reflux

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride to Carboxylic Acid

water
20^oc

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Amine to Amide

Acyl chloride/Acid Anhydride

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride to Ester

alcohol
20^oc

Give the conditions for the reaction of: Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride to N-Substituted Amide

- amine - 20^oc

Give the conditions for the reaction of: Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride to Amide

- ammonia - 20^oc

Give the conditions for the reaction of: Benzene to cyclohexane

- H₂ - Ni catalyst - 200^oc

Give the conditions for the reaction of: Benzene to Nitrobenzene

- conc nitric acid - conc sulfuric acid - 50^oc

Give the conditions for the reaction of: Nitrobenzene to Aromatic Amine

- reduction - tin - conc HCl then NaOH - reflux

Give the conditions for the reaction of: Aromatic Amine to N-Phenylethanamide

- acyl chloride/acid anhydride

Give the conditions for the reaction of: Benzene to PhenylKetone

- acyl chloride/acid anhydride - AlCl₃catalyst - Reflux - Anhydrous environment

Give the conditions for the reaction of: Phenylketone to phenol

- aqueous NaBH₄

What is a way to reduce hazards and waste in synthesis routes?

- avoid solvents - they are often flammable and toxic and often has to be disposed of afterwards

What is chemical shift measured relative to?

Tetramethylsilane

What does integrated spectra tell you?

The relative number of hydrogens in each environment

What is the rule for splitting patterns?

n+1

What can solvents not contain if they are used for H NMR?

Hydrogen

What are the 3 types of Chromatography?

- Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) – a plate is coated with a solid and a solvent moves up the plate - Column chromatography (CC) – a column is packed with a solid and a solvent moves down the column - Gas chromatography (GC) – a column is packed with a solid or with a solid coated by a liquid, and a gas is passed through the column under pressure at high temperature

What is the mobile phase?

Where the molecules can move - always gas or liquid

What is the stationary phase?

Where the molecules can't move - always a solid or a liquid on a solid support

In TLC, what is the stationary phase?

Silica or Alumina

How are colourless chemicals revealed?

Using UV light or Iodine

What does seperation depend on?

Separation depends on the balance between solubility in the moving phase and retention by the stationary phase

How do you work out the Rf value?

Distance travelled by spot/Distance travelled by solvent

What is GC-MS?

Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - the samples are separated with GC and then fed into a mass spectrometer, which produces a mass spectrum for each component

What are the advantages of GC-MS?

+ components can be positively identified + computers can match results to a database