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A Level Organic Chemistry > Section 5 - Isomerism and Carbonyl Compounds > Flashcards

Section 5 - Isomerism and Carbonyl Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

What type of isomerism is optical isomerism?

A

Stereoisomerism.

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2
Q

What is a chiral/asymmetric carbon atom?

A

A carbon atom which has four different groups attached to it.

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3
Q

What are optical isomers/enantiomers?

A

Molecules which have different spatial arrangements of groups around the chiral carbon - they are non-superimposable mirror images.

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4
Q

What kind of light only vibrates in one direction?

A

Plane-polarised light.

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5
Q

What does optically active mean?

A

The isomer rotates plane-polarised light.

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6
Q

How can you differentiate enantiomers?

A

One will rotate plane-polarised light clockwise and the other anti-clockwise.

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7
Q

What is a racemate/racemic mixture?

A

A mixture which contains equal quantities of each enantiomer of an optically active compound.

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8
Q

Why don’t racemates show any optical activity?

A

The two enantiomers cancel each other’s light rotating effect.

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9
Q

Which type of reaction often produces racemates?

A

Reactions involving planar bonds, eg, C=C or C=O bonds. Often aldehydes or unsymmetrical ketones.

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10
Q

Why is potassium cyanide dangerous?

A

It is an irritant and dangerous if inhaled or ingested.

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11
Q

Why is hydrogen cyanide dangerous?

A

It is a highly toxic gas.

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12
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

C=O

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13
Q

What is the differences between aldehydes and ketones.

A

In an aldehyde the carbonyl is at the end of the chain but in a ketone, it is in the middle.

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14
Q

What are aldehydes oxidised into?

A

Carboxylic acids.

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15
Q

What are ketones oxidised into?

A

Can’t be oxidised.

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16
Q

What type of reaction occurs when you use Tollen’s reagent or Fehling’s solution?

A

Redox.

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17
Q

What is Tollen’s reagent?

A

Solution of silver nitrate dissolved in aqueous ammonia.

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18
Q

What reaction occurs when Tollen’s reagent is heated in a test tube with an aldehyde?

A

The Ag+ ions are reduced to Ag atoms.

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19
Q

What colour change occurs when Tollen’s reagent is heated in a test tube with an aldehyde?

A

Colourless solution turns into a silver mirror.

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20
Q

What reaction occurs when Tollen’s reagent is heated in a test tube with a ketone?

A

No reaction - can’t be oxidised.

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21
Q

How strong are carboxylic acids?

A

Weak.

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22
Q

What reducing agent can you use to reverse the oxidation of alcohols?

A

NaBH4 dissolved in water with methanol.

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23
Q

What do you use in equations to symbolise a reducing agent?

A

[H].

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24
Q

What reaction occurs when Fehling’s solution is heated in a test tube with an aldehyde?

A

The copper(II) ions are reduced to a copper(I) oxide.

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25
What colour change occurs when Fehling's solution is heated in a test tube with an aldehyde?
The blue solution turns to a brick-red precipitate.
26
What reaction occurs when Fehling's solution is heated in a test tube with a ketone?
No reaction occurs.
27
What is Fehling's solution?
A blue solution of copper(II) ions dissolved in sodium hydroxide.
28
What is the mechanism for potassium cyanide reacting with carbonyls?
Nucleophilic addition.
29
What products are formed when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
A salt, carbon dioxide and water.
30
What products are formed when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?
An ester and water.
31
What are the conditions for the reaction of carboxylic acid with alcohol?
- Heat - Reflux -Strong acid catalyst
32
What are the reactants of an esterification reaction?
Carboxylic acid and alcohol.
33
In naming esters, which reactants form each part of the ester?
Alcohol - propyl group Acid -oate
34
Give 4 uses of esters:
- Food flavouring - Perfumes - Solvents - Plasticisers
35
Give 3 properties of esters:
- Sweet smell - Polar - Low bpt
36
What product is formed when esters are hydrolysed?
Alcohols.
37
What is used to speed up hydrolysis reactions?
Acids or alkalis.
38
What are the products of an acid hydrolysis reaction between ethyl ethanoate and water with an acid catalyst?
Ethanoic acid and Ethanol.
39
What are the products of a base hydrolysis reaction between ethyl ethanoate and OH-?
Ethanoate and Ethanol.
40
What are fatty acids?
Long chain carboxylic acids.
41
What do fatty acids combine with to make esters?
Glycerol.
42
What are the properties of animal fats?
- mainly saturated - can pack tightly - high VdWs - high mpts - solid @ room temp
43
What are the properties of vegetable oils?
- mainly unsaturated - can't pack tightly - weak VdWs - low mpts - liquid @ room temp
44
How do you hydrolyse vegetable oils and animal fats?
Heat them with sodium hydroxide.
45
What salt is formed when vegetable oil or animal fat is hydrolysed with sodium hydroxide?
Glycerol, Fatty Acids and Sodium Salt - SOAP!
46
What is biodiesel a mixture of?
Methyl esters of fatty acids.
47
What do you react to get biodiesel? (reactants and products)
Ester + Alcohol -----\> Glycerol and Methyl Ester
48
What is the catalyst for the reaction to make biodiesel?
KOH.
49
What can acyl chlorides react with?
- Water - Alcohols - Ammonia - Primary Amines
50
How aggressive is the reaction between an acyl chloride and water?
Vigorous
51
How aggressive is the reaction between an acyl chloride and alcohols?
Vigorous
52
How aggressive is the reaction between an acyl chloride and ammonia?
Violent
53
How aggressive is the reaction between an acyl chloride and a primary amine?
Violent
54
What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and water?
Carboxylic acid and HCl
55
What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and alcohol?
Ester and HCl
56
What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and ammonia?
Amide and HCl
57
What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and a primary amine?
N-substituted amide and HCl
58
What is an acid anhydride?
Two identical carboxylic acid molecules joined by a -O-
59
How aggressive are reactions between acid anhydrides and water, alcohol, ammonia and amines?
Less aggressive.
60
What forms instead of HCl in a reaction with an acid anhydride rather than an acyl chloride?
Carboxylic acid.
61
What type of mechanism is an acyl chloride reaction?
Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination.
62
What are the reactants to form aspirin?
Salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride or ethanoyl chloride.
63
Why is ethanoic anhydride used in industry over ethanoyl chloride?
- Cheaper - Safer - less corrosive and reacts more slowly and doesn't produce HCl fumes.
64
What type of reaction is the reduction of aldehydes/ketones?
Nucelophilic addition
65
What are the conditions for the reduction of aldehydes/ketones?
- reducing agent (NaBH4 dissolved in water with methanol)
66
What type of reaction is potassium cyanide with aldehydes/ketones?
Nucleophilic Addition
67
What are the conditions for the reaction of potassium cyanide with aldehydes/ketones?
KCN and a sulfuric acid catalyst OR just HCN
68
What type of reactions are acyl chlorides with water/alcohol/ammonia/primary amines?
Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
69
What are the conditions for the reaction between an acyl chloride and water?
- cold water - room temp
70
What are the conditions for the reaction between an acyl chloride and alcohol?
- alcohol - room temp
71
What are the conditions for the reaction between an acyl chloride and ammonia?
- ammonia - room temperature
72
What are the conditions for the reaction between an acyl chloride and primary amines?
- amine - room temp
73

A Level Organic Chemistry (9 decks)

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