Section 8 Clinical Topics Flashcards
Renal agenesis
ureteric bud failure; unilateral = okay 1:750; bilateral = Potter sequence of renal failure (oligohydramnios -> fetal compression -> respiratory insufficiency -> stillbirth) physical defects also common
Horseshoe Kidneys
Lower lobes of the two kidneys fuse causing them/it to remain in the pelvis, suspended by the inferior mesenteric artery
Polycystic kidneys
malfunctioning kidneys due to cysts; commonly concurrent with pancreatic, lung and liver cyst disease
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
an obstruction between the renal pelvis and the proximal ureter; causes calyx dilation and cyst formation
Exstrophy of the bladder
Caused by a defect in the ventral abdominal wall; leads to posterior wall of the bladder being exposed; usually combined with external genitalia malformation
Urachial fistula and cysts
allantois remains open; urine drainage from the umbilicus
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
defect of enzymes in synthesis causes imbalance in steroid hormone production that tends to over-virilize both sexes (M= sexual percocity ; F= pseudo hermaphrodism)
Neuroblastoma
tumor based on neural crest cells that form the sympathetic ganglia or the adrenal medulla
Anomalous paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct
can lead to a bicornuate uterus or vaginal atresia
Hypospadias
ectopic urethral opening on bottom (ventral) of penis and poorly developed penis
Epispadias
Urethral opening on the top (dorsal) of the penis
Cryptorchidism
undescended testes; normally spontaneously descend within 1 year; if not must be surgically repaired or might lead to tumor
Congenital inguinal hernia
Processus vaginalis does not obliterate; abdominal contents found in scrotum
Deletion of SRY
leads to female phenotype in XY individuals
Gonadal definition
Presence of testes indicates male pseudohermaphroditism
