Section 8

Question 1

The Decision making process

Answer 1

a PROCESS, acquire info and then take action based on that info leading to action. Can’t have one without the other.

Question 2

Problem/Issue Analysis

Answer 2

An issue that may be present within any given system or organization-monitoring the environment. WHERE WE GATHER INFO / DATA RESEARCH

Question 3

Define the Problem or Issue

Answer 3

Clarifying what are issue is
How old is the issue? Has anyone worked on the issue?
Think about the trends of the data?
EVERYONE MUST AGREE ON THE PROBLEM OR ISSUE

Question 4

Get and Analyze face on the problem

Answer 4

After the problem is defined, one needs to gather information and data about the problem in order to understand the steps needed to fix the issue.
Clarify the facts
There needs to be relevant information pertaining to the issue in order to solve. RESEARCH THAT WILL IMPACT THE PROBLEM! This can take a long time.

Question 5

Formulate criteria

Answer 5

(criteria-a principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided) What factors will be made? —
Need quality and quantity of good people, resources (stuff), time, and money.
What exactly is a good decision?
Assessing and monitoring a process.

Question 6

Allocate weights to criteria

Answer 6

Weight items in order of importance when making the decision.
Prioritize the importance of the criteria.
Know it is important from objective research

Question 7

Developed and evaluate alternatives

Answer 7

options from brainstorming objectively
(First, develop alternatives, need to brainstorm on the idea, while looking at the risks, the trends. Then need to think about what can reasonably done.)
Look at the problems in different ways-this will guide you to develop a new perspective, carefully evaluate new alternatives in terms of consequences and relativeness, and it is important to consider all of the criteria.
Positive or negative barriers of alternatives, policies, laws, regulations
Probability of people successful

Question 8

Select an alternative

Answer 8

Using judgement and decision-making criteria to evaluate each alternative. Think about acceptance objectively
Compare each alternative for pros and cons.
If the previous steps are done well, the decision should rise to the top.

Question 9

Implement an alternative

Answer 9

Converting the decision into a plan/sequence of events and follow through.

Question 10

Evaluate and make Recommendations

Answer 10

s the decision accepted? Are people doing it? Is the problem getting better? If not go back to step 6 and select a different alternative
To evaluate is to form and idea of the amount, number, or value of; assess the information, evaluate the effectiveness of the decision through online surveys, customer reactions, and employee meetings. Is the decision working? What changes can be made to improve it?

Question 11

The two factors to look at when making decisions

Answer 11

1. Quality - good information, primary sources (right from patient)
2. Acceptance - think about who the decision impacts
   Decision wouldn’t matter if no one accepted it

Question 12

The two general theories of decision making

Answer 12

Normative

Behavioral

Question 13

Normative Theory

Answer 13

1. Also called PRESCIPTIVE as this theory presents guidelines or norms to indicate how one ‘should’ make a decision
2. This is data driven decision making; one looks at data, numbers, facts before deciding
3. Very conservative method
4. EX: bank statement, weather, registration for classes

Question 14

Behavioral Theory

Answer 14

1. Also called DESCRIPTIVE as this theory seek to describe and explain how decisions are made
2. Here one includes emotional, values, culture, ect. as the good is to understand the human decision making process
3. It is not data driven all of the facts may point to one direction or decision, but a risky person or emotionally charged person may chose the complete opposite direction
4. EX: birthday celebrations

Question 15

2 major differences of Japanese vs. US decision making

Answer 15

Interpretation of what is a decision and what it means

Time involved

Question 16

Interpretation of what is a decision and what it means

Answer 16

US- The decision means the answer or the end; this is a very closed process as it does not foster discussion. Some people agree simply to end the meeting.
We encourage people to take sides and not enter the ‘gray area’.
JAP- The decision actually represents the ‘definition of a question’.
They look at what further questions a decision provokes and thus discussion is rampant.
This is a very open process.
They encourage discussion on the issues.
They even have a saying – “disagreement stimulates the imagination”.
People do not simply agree, but wish to delve deeper.

Question 17

Time involved

Answer 17

US- We make relatively quick decisions, then spend much of the time (and effort) getting people to accept the decision (sometimes this involves people having to change which can slow down the process)
JAP- More time is spent up front discussing, as stated above, such that when the decision is made, everyone is ready to accept it and thus the total time and effort is more minimal than the USA

Question 18

Constraints to decision making

Answer 18

Policies, laws, time, money, accredit-able data, personnel, ethics