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CAIE Physics GCSE > Section 7 - Atomic Physics > Flashcards

Section 7 - Atomic Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What three things are in an atom?

A

Nucleus
Proton
Electron

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2
Q

What part of a atom is negatively charged?

A

The electron

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3
Q

What is the part of an atom with a positive charge?

A

Proton

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4
Q

What is found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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5
Q

Describe the structure of an atom?

A

An atom is a positively charged nucleus that contains protons and electrons with negatively charge electrons orbiting the nucleus

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6
Q

Explain the alpha scattering experiment?

A

A beam of alpha particles were shot at a thing sheet of gold.
Alpha particles are positively charged so returned atoms must be repelled.

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7
Q

What were the results of the alpha particles experiment?

A

Most alpha particles went straight through, some were deflected, and a tiny proportion bounced back

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8
Q

What do the reuse kits from the alpha particle experiment show?

A
  • the nucleus is very small and surrounded by empty space
  • a nucleus is positively charged as some particles were deflected
  • a nucleus is very dense and contains most of the atoms mass
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9
Q

How do you find the proton number?

A

The proton number is the atomic number

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10
Q

What is the nucleon number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons - the atomic mass

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11
Q

What is the letter notation for the element symbol?

A

X

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12
Q

What is the letter notation for the atomic mass?

A

A

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13
Q

What is the letter notation for atomic number?

A

Z

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14
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope is an atom with the same number of protons but a different number of electrons

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15
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

Radioactive decay is the process in which unstable nuclei change to become more stable by emitting ionising radiation. This process is spontaneous and random

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16
Q

What is background radiation?

A

Background radiation is the radiation that is present all around in the environment

17
Q

Name four background radiation examples?

A
  • natural gas - radon
  • rocks and buildings
  • food and drink
  • cosmic rays
18
Q

How can nuclear radiation be detected?

A

Using a GM tube - detector and counter

19
Q

What is radiation measured in?

A

Counts. Or counts per minute

20
Q

Describe how radiation is emitted?

A

Radiation is emitted at a randomly and in any direction

21
Q

What are the three types of radiation?

A

Gamma
Beta
Alpha

22
Q

What is the ionising power of the three emissions?

A

Alpha - strong
Beta - moderate
Gamma - weak

23
Q

What is the penetration power of all the emissions?

A

Alpha - weak - few cm in air or sheet of paper
Beta - moderate - few metres or thin aluminium
Gamma - strong - long distance or thick lead

24
Q

Describe an alpha particle

A

An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons (the same as a helium nucleus) it has no electrons

25
Q

Describe a beta particle

A

A beta particle is a fast moving electron

26
Q

Describe gamma radiation

A

Gamma are waves of the electromagnetic spectrum

27
Q

What types of decay produce a new element

A

Alpha and beta

28
Q

Describe alpha decay

A

Alpha decay is when a nucleus emits an alpha particle. The nucleus’ proton number will decrease by 2 and atomic mass decrease by 4

29
Q

Describe beta decay

A

Beta decay is when a neutron turns into a proton and an electron.
The electron is the beta particle and the proton moves back into the nucleus. The proton increase by 1 and the atomic number stays same

30
Q

What are three thing that make a nucleus unstable?

A

If they have too much energy
If they have too many neutrons
If they are too heavy

31
Q

How is a alpha particle written

A

letter a with atomic number 4 and proton number 2

32
Q

How is a beta particle written

A

B with a tail. Atomic mass 0 and proton number -1

33
Q

What is half life?

A

Half life is the time taken for half the nuclei of that isotope of a sample to decay

CAIE Physics GCSE (9 decks)

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