Section 6.2-6.4 Flashcards
Prokaryotic:
Organisms of the domains Archaea and Bacteria
Eukaryotic
Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
Cytosol:
A jellylike substance in which organelles are suspended (Eukaryotic)
Chromosomes:
Carry DNA (Eukaryotic)
Ribosomes:
Make proteins through instructions from genes (Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic)
Nucleoid:
Region where the cell’s DNA is located (Prokaryotic)
Plasma membrane:
membrane enclosing the cytoplasm (Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic)
Cell wall:
Rigid structure outside of the plasma membrane (Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic)
Flagella:
locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes (Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic)
Centrosome:
Region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles (Eukaryotic)
Cytoskeleton:
Reinforces cell’s shape; functions in cell movement; consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Consists of a network of fibers. (Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic)
Microvilli:
projections that increase a cell’s surface area (Eukaryotic)
Peroxisome:
Organelle that produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water (Eukaryotic)
Mitochondria:
organelles where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated (Eukaryotic)
Lysosome:
Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed (Eukaryotic)
Golgi Apparatus:
Organelle that is active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products (Eukaryotic)
Chromatin:
Material consisting of DNA and proteins that is visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes (Eukaryotic)
Nucleolus:
Nonmembranous structure involves in the production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli (Eukaryotic)
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Network of membranous sacs and tubes that is active in membrane synthesis. This organelle has rough and smooth regions. (Eukaryotic)
Plasmodesmata:
Cytoplasmic channels through the cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells.
Chloroplast:
Photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules (Eukaryotic)
Central vacuole:
Functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, and hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth
Nuclear Lamina:
A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. Except at the pores, the nuclear side of the envelope is lined by this. (Eukaryotic)
Endomembrane system:
Membrane-bounded organelles of the eukaryotic cell.
Vesicles:
Sacs made of membrane (Eukaryotic)
Endoplasmic Reticulum 2
The ER membrane separates the internal compartment of the ER, called the ER lumen cavity or cisternal space, from the cytosol
What are the functions of Smooth ER?
Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions
Name a function of rough ER:
Rough ER is a membrane factory for the cell and makes membrane phospholipids and proteins
Phagocytosis:
The engulfment of smaller organisms or food particles
Autophagy:
A process by which lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material.
Contractile vacuoles:
Vacuoles that pump excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
What are some of the characteristics of central vacuoles?
- Supports plant growth
- Composed of cell sap
List all of the structures of the endomembrane system:
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
What is the function of the ER lumen?
Folds, modifies, and assembles proteins
What is the pH range inside of a lysosomes?
6-7
Which human cells carry out phagocytosis?
Macrophages, neutrophils, and dentritic cells
