Section 5 Nutrition Flashcards
- Which would be an appropriate SMART and FITT (frequency, intensity, type and time) prescription for physical activity?
A. Exercise > 30 minutes most days
B. Exercise to prepare for triathlon in three months
C. Walk ≥ 30 minutes four days a week for three months
D. Swim or walk on alternating days for the next six months
Answer C.
Walk ≥ 30 minutes four days a week for three months
“Exercise” and “most days” are not sufficiently specific.
“Prepare for a triathlon” is not realistic or achievable, nor is it specific or achievable.
“Swim or walk on alternating days” is not measurable and not time connected.
Answer C is specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time connected, and includes frequency,
intensity, type and time.
- Which of the following is true about all fad diets?
A. None of them are based on scientifically valid principles or facts—they are false
B. They advocate a way of eating that is not sustainable or suitable for a lifetime
C. They are ‘out for the buck’ and not really intended to promote health. They are fads and not rational or useful
D. They are highly-effective in the short-term
Answer B.
They advocate a way of eating that is not sustainable or suitable for a lifetime.
By definition, a “fad diet” is not about a permanent eating plan but is temporary. What is needed is to adopt a healthy diet for a lifetime.
- Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding over and under-consumed foods and nutrients?
A. Added sugars, except high-fructose corn syrup, is a leading over-consumed food/nutrient.
B. Fats, especially saturated and trans fats, are a greatly over-consumed nutrient.
C. Vitamins and minerals are some of the most under-consumed nutrients, especially in vegetarians.
D. Potassium and sodium are greatly over-consumed nutrients.
Answer B.
Fats, and especially trans fats and saturated fats, are among the leading over-consumed nutrients.
Added sugars and HFCS (high-fructose corn syrup), are also a leading over-consumed food/nutrient.
Minerals and vitamins are, indeed, among the most under-consumed nutrients.
Sodium is over-consumed but potassium is under-consumed.
- Which of the following is true about a basic nutrition assessment?
A. The ABCD nutrition assessment is the only valid way to accurately assess the diet.
B. The clinical assessment should include age, gender, and activity level.
C. The assessment should include a 24-hour dietary recall by a trained dietitian.
D. The assessment need not include lab tests.
Answer B.
The clinical assessment should include age, gender, medical and surgical history, activity level, nutritional history, vital signs and physical exam.
The ABCD (anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary) assessment is one technique, but not the only valid method.
The dietary assessment need not be performed by a dietitian, nor does it need to include a 24-hour recall, although both of these can be used.
The assessment should include lab tests to assess nutritional status.
- Which of the following is false about anemia and nutrients to prevent/treat anemia?
A. Iron-deficiency anemia is common in vegetarians because the iron content of plants is low.
B. Pernicious anemia occurs in vegans because there is no B12 (cobalamin) in vegetarian foods.
C. Homocysteine adds nothing essential to CVD risk prediction in the presence of other biomarkers (LDL, Apo-E, etc.).
D. B9 (folate) deficiency occurs more in vegans than in omnivores because there is little B9 in plant foods.
Answer C.
Homocysteine adds nothing essential to CVD risk prediction in the presence of other biomarkers (LDL, Apo-E, etc.).
Commonly eaten plants are a rich source of iron.
Vegetarian foods are commonly fortified with B12 because there is no B12 in plants.
Recent science has shown that homocysteine adds nothing to other biomarkers in predicting risk of CVD.
Plants are a rich source of vit-B9 (folate).
- Which of the following correctly describes the findings of the study by Joshipura?
A. Plant foods reduced risk of heart disease for men but not for women.
B. A Mediterranean diet with plenty of fruits and veggies lowered risk of coronary heart disease by 4%.
C. Each daily serving of fruits or vegetables was associated with a 4% reduction in risk of fatal coronary heart disease and non-fatal myocardial infarction.
D. This randomized trial found fruits better than vegetables in lowering risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.
Answer C.
Each daily serving of fruits or vegetables was associated with a 4% reduction in risk of fatal coronary heart disease and non-fatal myocardial infarction.
The study did not examine diet type (Mediterranean) but daily fruit and vegetable intake.
The study found that fruits and vegetables were protective for men and women, with a 4% reduction per daily serving.
The study was a prospective cohort study and not a randomized trial.
- Which of the following correctly describes the findings of the study by Pan?
A. Processed red meat increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but unprocessed red meat did not.
B. Nuts and whole grains lowered risk of type 2 diabetes, but low-fat milk, poultry and fish did not.
C. Each substitute food reduced risk of type 2 diabetes versus red meat, and whole grains reduced risk most compared to processed red meat by ~35%.
D. This meta-analysis found conflicting results among three large cohorts, some showing reduction and others not.
Answer C.
Each substitute food reduced risk of type 2 diabetes versus red meat, and whole grains reduced risk most compared to processed red meat by ~35%.
Both processed and unprocessed red meat increased risk compared to substitute foods.
All substitute foods reduced risk.
Whole grains reduced risk more than other substitute foods, and the reduction was greatest for processed red meat.
The risk reductions were consistent across all three cohorts studied.
- Which of the following correctly describes the findings of the study by Li?
A. Fats increased risk of CHD and carbohydrates lowered CHD risk.
B. PUFAs, MUFAs and whole grains lowered risk of CHD compared to SFAs, but trans fats and added sugars elevated risk.
C. Each substitute nutrient reduced risk of CHD versus SFAs, and whole grains reduced risk most compared to SFAs by -25%.
D. The biggest difference was between SFA and refined starches/added sugars
Answer B.
PUFAs, MUFAs and whole grains lowered risk of CHD compared to SFAs, but trans fats and added sugars elevated risk.
Not all fats increased CHD risk compared to SFAs, and not all carbohydrates decreased risk.
Trans fats and refined starches/added sugars elevated CHD risk compared to SFAs.
PUFAs and MUFAs reduced risk more than whole grains; PUFAs reduced risk most by 25%.
The smallest difference was between SFAs and refined starches/added sugars.
