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French Revolution Timeline > Section 5 & 6, 1799 - 1815 > Flashcards

Section 5 & 6, 1799 - 1815 Flashcards

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1
Q

When & why did Napoleon introduce the Bank of France?

A

Feb 1800
In an effort to counteract the struggles of French finance, Napoleon creates a bank with a monopoly over the printing of banknotes, which were now Francs, a new currency aimed to negate the inflation of the prior years

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2
Q

What was the Battle of Marengo?

A

June 1800
French victory during the War of the 2nd Coalition
Napoleon led a force of c.30,000 troops over the Alps, into Italy
The Battle took place outside the city of Alessandria
Napoleon defeated the Austrian forces, and drove them out of Italy

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3
Q

What was the Infernal Machine?

A

Dec 1800
Royalist supporters attempt to Assassinate Napoleon as he rides in his carriage through the street using a horse carriage laden with gunpowder
Plot fails due to bad timing, but it leads to 5 deaths and 2 dozen injuries
Shows there isn’t nation wide support for Napoleon

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4
Q

What was the Treaty of Luneville?

A

Feb 1801
Austria/Holy Roman Empire back out of 2nd Coalition War
Following the Battles of Marengo (June 1800) and Hohenliden (December 1800)
Leaves only Britain in active conflict

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5
Q

What was the Concordat with the Pope?

A

July 1801
Re-establishes Catholicism as the Central Religion of France, calming anti-revolutionary Caths and mending relations with The Pope and international Caths
After this, very few parishes continued to employ refractory preists
Church lands were only partly restored

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6
Q

What treaty ends conflict between France and Portugal?

A

Treaty of Madrid, Sep 1801
Closes Portuguese ports to British Ships
Cedes land in Brazil to France
Portugal pay France an indemnity of 20 million francs

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7
Q

What ends the war of the Second Coalition?

A

Treaty of Amiens, March 1802
Signed in Paris, ends war between Britain and France
Brings peace to Europe

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8
Q

What was the April 1802 General Amnesty?

A

Presented by Napoleon, it allowed all but c.1,000 emigres to return to France

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9
Q

What makes Napoleon lifelong First Consul of France?

A

May 1802
Constitution of Year X

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10
Q

What was the Légion d’honneur?

A

May 1802
Effective reintroduction of a less feudal nobility system
Napoleon could gain political favour with those awarded, and use as a guise to give gifts to those who he wanted to keep on side

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11
Q

When & why did War resumed with Britain after the end of the War of the Second Coalition?

A

May 1803
Brits declare war on France, following French refusal to leave Dutch territory
Napoleon invades Hanover, which is ruled in juncture with Britain by George III, and captures it, resulting in a British Blockade of Germanic rivers

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12
Q

What was the Napoleonic Code?

A

March 1804
Forbids privileges based on birth
Allows freedom of religion
Government jobs should go to the most qualified

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13
Q

Why did Napoleon execute the Duc d’Enghien?

A

March 1804
Murmurs of a conspiracy to assassinate Napoleon known as the Cadoul Plot
A relative of Louis XVI, member of the Bourbon family Louis Antoine supposedly involved
Seen by some as use of dictatorial power by Napoleon, fuelling anger with Royalists and Foreign Monarchical powers

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14
Q

What was significant about the raid on Bologne?

A

Oct 1804
Although little was achieved, the British raid did further discourage the French from attempting an oversea invasion

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15
Q

When was Napoleon’s coronation as Emperor?

A

Dec 1804
Titles bestowed upon him in the April by the Senate, ending the republic, making France an Empire
Constitutional referendum a month prior, questioning the French people’s approval of Napoleon’s change in status, which came back with a (probably manipulated) 99.9% approval rating

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16
Q

When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
How does this aid the building of an empire?

A

May 1805
Makes consolidation of power over the patchwork of French controlled states easier

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17
Q

Who signed the Third Coalition & why?

A

Aug 1805
Austria, Russia and Britain
Designed to check Napoleon’s continental expansion
Partially triggered by the Execution of the Duc d’Enghien

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18
Q

What was the Ulm Campaign?

A

Oct 1805
A number of battles take place within the space of two weeks around the City of Ulm (Austria), resulting in the surrender of an entire Austrian Army

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19
Q

What battle effectively ended Napoleons hopes of naval warfare with, and conquering of Britain?

A

The Battle of Trafalgar, Oct 1805
Lord Nelson dies leading an attack outside of Spain (allied through Second Treaty of San Ildefonso) against a fleet of Franco-Spanish ships attempting to breach the British wartime blockade, to join forces with a French fleet in the Caribbean, potentially invading Britain
Massive victory for the British, decimating French Naval forces

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20
Q

What significant battles do France win in the War of the Third Coalition?

A

October: Battle of Caldiero (Austria & Italy)
November: Battles of Amstetten & Schongrabern (Austria & Russia)
December: Battle of Austerlitz - massive victory, as Napoleon defeats the combined armies of Austria and Russia, losing only c. 8,000 men, with the Russo-Austrians losing 15-25,000.

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21
Q

When do Sweden join the Third Coalition?

A

1805
Following the French invasion of Pomerania, a Swedish territory that Napoleon wanted to control, seeking control over other nearby German territories

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22
Q

What was the Peace of Pressburg?

A

Dec 1805
Following the massive defeat at Austerlitz, the Austrians withdraw from the Third Coalition, ceding their territorial gains to France

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23
Q

When does Napoleon annul the revolutionary calendar?

A

1st Jan 1806

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24
Q

How is an alliance established between France and Baden (Southern Germany)

A

April 1806
Napoleon’s adopted Daughter, Stephanie de Beauharnais marries the Prince of Baden

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25
Q

When was Louis Bonaparte made King of Holland?

A

June 1806
Makes rule over controlled territories easier for Napoleon

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26
Q

What was the Confederation of the Rhine?

A

Est July 1806
States and Territories of the Holy Roman Empire seized by French forces placed into a coalition, denouncing their inclusion in the HRE

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27
Q

When was the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?

A

Aug 1806
Francis II, Emperor of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, dissolves the HRE after 1,000 years of it’s existence, after being undercut by the Confederation of the Rhine

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28
Q

Who joins Third Coalition forces in September 1806?

A

Prussia & a handful of Ex-Holy Roman States

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29
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Jena?

A

Oct 1806
Decisive victory of French over Prussian forces, subjugating Prussia to French influence, with the last of the Prussian forces surrendering outside Lubeck the following month

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30
Q

What set up the Continental System?

A

Nov 1806
The Berlin Decree
After seizing the city of Berlin, Napoleon issues a decree banning British trade with French and French-allied nations and territories

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31
Q

What was the Order in Council?

A

Jan 1807
Britain bans trade between their ships & French allies & territories (making trade between the two empires illegal on both ends)
Concretes the Continental System

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32
Q

What ends hostilities between Russia and France & creates an alliance in July 1807?

A

The Treaty of Tilsit
Divided Europe into French & Russian Spheres
Russia adopts the Continental System
Dutchy of Warsaw and Kingdom of Westphalia set up as a buffer between the two by Napoleon, who puts his brother Jerome on the Throne of the latter

33
Q

What was the Treaty of Fontainebleau?

A

Oct 1807
Decrees that Portugal, a nation that initially refused to adhere to the continental system, should be broken into parts and occupied by French & Spanish forces
Seen as an excuse for Napoleon to keep troops in the Iberian Peninsula

34
Q

What was the Milan Decree?

A

Dec 1808
Final concrete step in the Continental System
Bans trade from all European countries to Britain, otherwise suffering French invasion

35
Q

When do the Portuguese Royal Family (The Braganzas) flee Portugal ?

A

Jan 1808
Arrive in Brazil
Fled the occupying French forces

36
Q

When is the start of the French ‘Occupation’ of Spain?

A

Feb 1808
Under the Guise of occupying Portugal, French troops flood into Spain
In the following months, French forces occupy Madrid & Barcelona

37
Q

What was the Embargo Act of 1807?

A

Issued by the Neutral US
Declared trade with Europe (including Britain) was to be banned, in an attempt to end the Continental System

38
Q

What was the Bayonne Decree?

A

April 1808
Following the Embargo Act of 1807
Napoleon issues a decree stating that American ships in French ports are to be seized

39
Q

What were the Dos de Mayo (2nd of May) uprisings?
How did Napoleon respond?

A

May 1808
Occupied people of Madrid attempt to fight back against the French occupation, & are brutally suppressed
3 days later, Napoleon forces the Spanish Royal family to abdicate the throne to his brother, Joseph

40
Q

When was the Peninsular War?

A

May 1808 - April 1814

41
Q

What victories did Napoleon have during the Peninsular War?

A

Battle of Cabezón
Battle of Medina del Rico Seco
Massacre the population of Evora

42
Q

What losses did Napoleon have during the peninsular War?

A

Battle of El Bruc
Battle of Bailen (resulting in the surrender of 18,000 men) to spanish forces
Siege of Saragossa
Battle of Rolica (Britain)
Battle of Vimeiro (Anglo-Portuguese force)

43
Q

When do Napoleonic forces retake Madrid?

A

Dec 1808
After months of back-and-forth between Spanish & French forces

43
Q

What was the Convention of Sintra?

A

1808
Defeated French to withdraw their troops from Portugal without further conflict
(doesn’t end the Peninsular War tho)

44
Q

When does Austria declare war on France?
How does this conflict end?

A

Feb 1809
After 6 months of more back-and-forth, culminates in French victory at the Battle of Wagram in July, ending Austrian conflict
More prepared and prepared earlier than Napoleon thinks

45
Q

What ends French war with Sweden in 1810?

A

Jan 1810
Treaty of Paris

46
Q

When was Napoleon’s marriage to Josephine annulled?

A

Jan 1810
After failures to produce an heir

47
Q

When does Napoleon marry Marie-Louise?

A

March 1810
In a bid to have an heir, & concrete an alliance with long-time rival Austria

48
Q

What was the significance of the French Annexation of the kingdom of Holland?

A

July 1810
Tighter control on coastal Europe

49
Q

Who was elected Crown Prince of Sweden in Aug 1810?

A

Jean Baptiste Bernadotte (Napoleonic General)
More French Control - Although underminement of Sweden in the region of Pomerania may backfire

50
Q

What causes Napoleon to invade Russia?

A

June 1812
Czar Alexander’s abandonment of the Continental system, resulting from fears of invasion from Poland & a desire to reclaim economic stability
Napoleon gathers a force of 650,000 troops in Poland, and begins to march into Russia, during a scorching hot summer

51
Q

What caused massive losses during the first months of the Russian invasion?

A

Summer heat
Slow supply lines
Ambushes
Scorched earth
Causing massive amounts of death and desertion

52
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Borodino?

A

Sep 1812
Single deadliest day of the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon wins
Pursuing the Russian forces into the heart of the territory
Takes place around 75 miles west of Moscow
Napoleon’s army having been whittled down to only 130,000 coming face to face with the Russian force of 120,000 men
The resulting battle ends with 30-35,000 French casualties, and 40-45,000 Russian ones

53
Q

What was the Malet Affair?

A

Sep 1812
Seizing the opportunity of Napoleon’s unavailability, Military officer Malet sought to spread rumours of Napoleon’s death to the people of Paris, and fill the power vacuum with a reinstated republic
Fails, as loyalists cotton onto the plan’s fabrication
Malet was tried and executed by firing squad in Oct

54
Q

When did Napoleon seize Moscow?

A

Sep 1812
Upon hearing of Napoleon’s victory at Borodino, the Russians abandon Moscow, releasing the city’s prisoners and burning most of it to the ground
Napoleon arrives to a deserted city
He requests Alexander’s surrender, but the reply takes too long to arrive (intentionally)

55
Q

Why does Napoleon abandon Moscow?

A

Oct 1812
Upon the first snow, Napoleon realises that the Russians intend to use the harsh winters to decimate the occupying French forces, having destroyed their shelter by burning down the city, and as a result abandons Moscow in October, an attempt to make it back to French territory

56
Q

What caused massive French losses upon their retreat from Moscow?

A

Winter (freezing conditions)
Russian pressure on supply lines
Swift attacks on the hind quarters of the fleeing force
Constant attacks
Limited supply of food
Only c.70,000 of the Grande Armee made it out of Russia alive

57
Q

Who made up the War of the Fourth Coalition?

A

1813
Prussia & Austria (join later than the rest, having remained neutral for most of the year weighing to relatively strong alliances with Napoleon)
Russia
Britain
Sweden (turned against Napoleon due to public frustrations with the conflict in Pomerania)

58
Q

How had Napoleon’s army, which had regrown in scale upon Napoleon’s return to Paris, in preparation for the War of the Fourth Coalition?
What were the disadvantages of Napoleon’s new army?

A

A mass draft in French lands, creating a force of 160,000 French troops, 15,000 Poles, 10,000 Italians & 40,000 Germans from the now-recaptured-by-Russia Confederation of the Rhine
Totalling a force of around 225,000 men

Vastly inexperienced
Very young
Lacking in artillery
Without many horses
This last fact was crucial for Napoleon’s conventional warfare using speed, so his traditional methods of weakening the enemy into retreating, upon which he would out speed & destroy them, could not be achieved
This led to the Coalition adopting a policy which involved retreating from Napoleon’s frontal attacks, whilst other armies attacked his flanks

59
Q

What led to the Battle of Leipzig, October 1813?

A

Napoleon with less horses, couldn’t use speed to force enemies to retreat, then out speed & destroy them
Led to the Coalition adopting a policy which involved retreating from Napoleon’s frontal attacks, whilst other armies attacked his flanks, causing Napoleon to retreat to Leipzig

60
Q

What was significant about the Battle of Leipzig?

A

Oct 1813
Caught in Leipzig, Napoleon faced 380,000 Coalition forces, who surrounded them, leading to the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, lasting 4 days
Napoleon suffered massive casualties, & many defections
Napoleon lost

61
Q

How was Napoleon’s retreat from Leipzig during the Battle of Leipzig partially unsuccessful?

A

After it became clear the battle couldn’t be won, Napoleon ordered a retreat from the city, crossing the only bridge across the city’s river, which he rigged to blow, but was accidentally destroyed early, stranding 30,000 men in the City

62
Q

By 1814, how was Napoleon’s empire falling apart?

A

Weakened & strained forces being beaten out of Spain Wellinton after years of stagnant war, North of Italy by Austrian forces
Murat, who Napoleon made king of Naples, defected to the coalition side
Confederation of the Rhine collapsed after a great number of German states grew tired of being under Napoleon’s control
Sweden invaded Denmark, forcing them to join the coalition, also liberating the Netherlands
Coalition unanimously decide to depose Napoleon

63
Q

How did Napoleon respond to the Coalition unanimously deciding to depose him?

A

1814 Napoleonic Campaign to defend the Homelands of France
Small army that he could move at lightning speed, fighting back against the branches of the Coalition Armies
Inflicted heavy casualties during the Six Days Campaign, which halved the oppositional Russo-Prussian force to 25,000, 1,000 less than his force, a strategy that worked a number of times, but failed to prevent other forces simultaneously approaching Paris

64
Q

What was the Treaty of Chaumont?

A

March 1814
Drafted by allied powers
Asking France to restore its pre-revolutionary borders, in exchange for a ceasefire
Rejected by Napoleon

65
Q

What was the The Battle of Paris?

A

March 1814
Allied forces got so close to Paris, that in the mass hysteria, treacherous politician, Talleyrand invited the forces into the city
They met some opposition in the suburbs from a force of 20,000 conscripts headed by Joseph Bonaparte, but were generally welcomed as bringers of peace following the French defeat

66
Q

What was the Treaty of Paris , May 1814?

A

Did what the Treaty of Chaumont originally intended: ceasefire & pre-rev boarders

67
Q

What was the Treaty of Fontainebleau?

A

April 1814
Paris had surrendered, so Napoleon agreed to cede the throne in favour of his son, but the allied forces forced him to accept an unconditional abdication, Louis XVIII takes the throne

Napoleon was to be stripped of his powers as French Emperor, but allowed to retain his title, also stipulating that his children had no claim over the throne

The island of Elba was to be made into a principality, that was to be governed by Napoleon, who would be exiled there with 400 men

68
Q

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A

Opened Nov 1814
Held in Austria, the congress was intended to evaluate the state of Europe following the Napoleonic wars, aiming to balance power between the main nations of Prussia, Austria, Russia & Britain
This did a lot to the landscape of European borders such as creating a buffer zone between Austria and the Ottoman Empire

69
Q

What were the 100 Days?

A

26th Feb 1815
Napoleon sails away from Elba, landing in France a week later, and arriving in Paris on the 20th March, causing Louis XVIII to flee

70
Q

What was the Constitutional Referendum of 1815?

A

April, during the 100 days
Suspiciously unanimous vote held to determine Napoleon’s approval rating for returning as Emperor

71
Q

What was the Charter of 1815?

A

During the 100 days
The Charter brought in a new constitution, in which, Napoleon had supreme power
The gov was to be comprised of 2 legislative bodies, the Chamber of Peers (Hereditary) & Representative (Elected officials)

72
Q

When did the Fifth Coalition form?

A

During the 100 days after Napoleon’s return

73
Q

What was the Battle of Waterloo?

A

June 1815
Engaging with the British Army, led by Wellington & the Prussian Army arriving late & turning the tide
Napoleon suffers massive casualties to a comparative few from the other side
Forced to flee to Paris

74
Q

When does Napoleon abdicate?

A

June 1815
In favour of his son, but the crown remnant of the Chamber of Deputies swiftly reject that idea

75
Q

What ends the 100 days & the French Empire?

A

Coalition forces march into Paris, on the 27th of July, reinstating Louis XVIII as Monarch

76
Q

What was the the Second Treaty of Paris?

A

Nov 1815
Reduces France’s borders
Places the nation under temporary Coalition Occupation

77
Q

Where was Napoleon exiled to after the 100 days?

A

Oct 1815
British-Ruled island of St. Helena, a veritable rock in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, despite his requests to live in a cottage in the Cotswolds
Under permanent watch of 3,000 men, and the island was to be constantly circled by 2 ships

78
Q

When did Napoleon die?

A

5th May 1821
Stomach cancer

French Revolution Timeline (6 decks)

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