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A level Biology > Section 5 - 12 Respiration > Flashcards

Section 5 - 12 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where can the lactate be taken in the body to be converted to glycogen?

A

Liver

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle?

A

Some ATP and reduced NAD and FAD

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4
Q

What happens in the link reaction?

A
  • Pyruvate oxidised to acetate. ( pyruvate loses CO2 and two hydrogens. The hydrogens are accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD later used to produced ATP)
  • 2-carbon acetate combines with a molecule of coenzyme A producing acetylcoenzyme A
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5
Q

Give 4 reasons why the Krebs cycle is important

A
  • breaks down macromolecules into smaller ones - pyruvate to CO2
  • Produces hydrogen atoms carried by NAD to ETC and provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation. Leading to production of ATP providing metabolic energy for the cell.
  • Regenerated 4-carbon molecule that combines with acetyl coenzyme A otherwise accumulate.
  • source of intermediate compounds used by cells in manufacture of other important substances such as fatty acids, amino acids and chlorophyll.
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6
Q

How is the waste product Carbon Dioxide removed?

A

Gaseous exchange

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7
Q

When oxygen is in short supply what happens within the body?

A
  • NAD from glycolysis can accumulate and must be removed.
  • Each pyruvate molecule produced takes up the two hydrogen atoms from the reduced NAD produced in glycolysis to from lactate.
  • At some point this is oxidised and converted back into pyruvate.
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8
Q

Describe in detail the 3rd stage of glycolysis

A

oxidation of triose phosphate

  • Hydrogen removed from each of the two triose phosphate molecules and transferred to hydrogen-carrier known as NAD to from reduced NAD
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9
Q

summarise the events of the krebs cycle

A
  • 2-carbon acetylcoenzyme A from link reaction combines with 4-carbon molecule producing a 6-carbon molecule.
  • series of reactions mean the 6-carbon molecule loses CO2 and hydrogen giving a 4-carbon molecule and a single molecule of ATP produced as a result of substrate-level phosphorylation
  • 4-carbon molecule now combines with a new molecule of acetylcoezyme A to begin cycle again.
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10
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Molecules that some enzymes require in order to function.

In photosynthesis and respiration they carry hydrogen atoms from one molecule to another.

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11
Q

What is the overall yield of one glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP - 4 produced but 2 used up in the initial phosphorylation of glucose so net is 2
  • 2 reduced NAD
  • 2 pyruvate
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12
Q

What are the reactants of the krebs cycle?

A

Acytylecoenzyme A

Reduced NAD and FAD

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13
Q

What is the most important carrier in respiration?

A

NAD

Working with dehydrogenase enzymes that catalyse the removal of hydrogen atoms from substrates and transfer them to the molecules involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

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14
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The splitting of the 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules.

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15
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP with water produced as a by-product

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16
Q

Describe in detail the first stage of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate

  • Phosphate molecules come from hydrolysis of two ATP molecules to ADP.
  • providing energy to activate glucose and lowering the activation energy for the enzyme controlled reactions that follow
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17
Q

What are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electrons associated with reduced NAD and FAD

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18
Q

In what two ways can energy be derived from cellular respiration?

A
  • substrate level phosphorlation - glycolysis and Krebs cycle. - Direct transfer of phosphate from a respiratory intermediate to ADP to produce ATP
  • Oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transfer chain - indirect linking of energy from phosphate to ADP to produce ATP involving energy from the hydrogen atoms that are carried on NAD and FAD.
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19
Q

Why is oxygen important in respiration?

A

Acts as a final acceptor of the hydrogen atoms produced in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

Without its role in removing hydrogen atoms at the end of the chain the hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons would ‘back up’ along the chain and respiration will halt.

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20
Q

what are the products of the link reaction?

A

An acetyl coenzyme A,

a 2-carbon molecule

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21
Q

How can we respire lipids?

A
  • hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids.
  • glycerol phosphorylated and converted to triose phosphate entering glycolysis pathway and the Krebs cycle.
  • The fatty acid is broken into 2-carbon fragments then converted to acetyl coenzyme A then entering Kreb cycle
  • Oxidation of lipids produces 2-carbon fragments of carbohydrate and many hydrogen atoms.
  • Then used to produce ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.
  • They release more than double the energy of the same mass of carbohydrates.
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22
Q

What does anaerobic respiration in animals lead to?

A

Production of lactate

Means of overcoming a temporary shortage of oxygen.

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23
Q

How is the pyruvate produced in glycolysis moved to the matrix of mitochondria for the link reaction?

A

active transport

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24
Q

What is the initial stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

glycoloysis

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25
Q

Give examples of coenzymes

A
  • NAD - respiration
  • FAD - Krebs cycle
  • NADP - photosythesis
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26
Q

What are the reactants of the link reaction?

A

two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

27
Q

In the respiration of proteins

What are the 4- and 5-carbon compounds converted to?

A

intermediates in the Krebs cycle

28
Q

What is the overall equation for the link reaction?

A
29
Q

In the respiration of proteins

What are the 3-carbon compounds converted to?

A

pyruvate

30
Q

What does glycolysis provide evidence for?

A

Indirect evidence for evolution

31
Q

What is the structure of mitochondrion?

A

A mooth outer membrane and an inner one that is folded into extensions called cristae.

The inner spacr or matrix of the mitochondrion contains proteins lipids and traces of DNA.

32
Q

Why are hydrogen atoms valuable?

A

A potential source of energy.

Carried by the coenzymes NAD and FAD to oxidative phosphorylation.

33
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

34
Q

What are the reactants of glycolysis?

A

6-carbon glucose

35
Q

How is pyruvate converted to ethanol for plants?

A

Loses a molecule of carbon dioxide and accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD to produce ethanol.

36
Q

What two things can happen to lactate produced in anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Oxidised back to pyruvate

Then either further oxidised to release energy or converted into glycogen.

This only happens when oxygen is once again available.

37
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Use of electrons, associated with reduced NAD and FAD, released from the Krebs cycle to synthesise ATP with water produced as a by-product

38
Q

What four stages do aerobic respiration divide into?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link reaction
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
39
Q

What are the two forms of cellular respiration?

A
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration
40
Q

What is the link reaction?

A

3-carbon pyruvate molecules enter into a series of reactions which lead to the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, a 2 carbon molecule.

41
Q

List 4 enzyme-controlled reactions occurring in glycolysis

A
  1. phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate
  2. splitting of the phosphorlyated glucose
  3. oxidation of triose phosphate
  4. production of ATP
42
Q

How is protein respired?

A
  • hyrolysed to amino acids
  • remove amino group (deamination) before entering the respiratory pathwway at different points depending on the number of carbon atoms they contain.
  • 3-carbon compounds converted to pyruvate
  • 4- and 5-carbon compounds converted to intermediates in the Kreb cycle.
43
Q

What it used in cells as an immediate energy source?

A

ATP

44
Q

What is the krebs cycle?

A

Introduction of acetyl coenzyme A into a cycle of oxidation-reduction reactions that yeild some ATP and a large quantity of reduced NAD and FAD

45
Q

For one molecule of pyruvate what does the link reaction and krebs cycle produce?

A
  • reduced coenzymes - NAD and FAD. Potential to provide energy to produce ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation and are therefore the important products of the Kreb cycle
  • molecule of ATP
  • 3 molecules of CO2

glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate molecules so yield above is doubled.

46
Q

In the absence of oxygen why can’t the Krebs cycle or the ETC continue?

A
  • All FAD and NAD will become reduced.
  • No FAD or NAD will be available to take up the H+ produced during the Krebs Cycle so enzymes stop working
  • Leaving only the anaerobic process of glycolysis as a potential source of ATP.
  • For glycolysis to continue its products pyruvate and hydrogen must be constantly removed.
  • Hydrogen must be released from reduced NAD in order to regenerate NAD.
    *
47
Q

Describe the process of the chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • Hydrogen atoms combine with coenzymes NAD and FAD
  • reduced NAD and FAD donate electrons of hydrogen atoms to the first molecule of the electron transfer chain.
  • The electrons pass along ATC molecules in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. - energy released causes active transport of protons across proton pumps.
  • Protons accumulate then diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase channels in the membrane.
  • Electrons combine with these protons and oxygen to form water.
48
Q

What happens during cellular respiration?

A

The formation of ATP from the break down of glucose.

49
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Mitochondria

Within the inner folded membrane (cristae) are the enzymes and other proteins involved in the process and hence ATP synthesis.

50
Q

Describe in detail the 4th stage of glycolosis

A

production of ATP

  • enzyme-controlled reactions convert each triose phosphate into another 3-carbon molecule calle pyruvate.
  • two molecules of ATP are regenerated from ADP
51
Q

Where does the kreb cycle take place?

A

matrix in the mitochondria

52
Q

How is anaerobic respiration exploited by the brewing industry?

A
  • Yeast grown in anaerobic conditions
  • It ferments natural carbohydrates in plant products such as grapes or barley into ethanol.
53
Q

Give three examples of respiratory substrates

A

Sugars, lipid and proteins.

54
Q

In eukaryotic cells what two types of anaerobic respiration occur?

A
  • Plants - yeast converts the pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • Animals - pyruvate converted to lactate.
55
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose -> pyruvate + reduced NAD -> lactate + oxidised NAD

56
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

matrix in mitochondria

57
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

58
Q

Describe in detail the second stage of glycolysis

A

Splitting of the phosphorylated glucose

Each glucose molecule is split into two 3 carbon molecules known as triose phosphate.

59
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Glucose -> pyruvate + reduced NAD -> Ethanol + carbon dioxide + oxdised NAD

60
Q

How do Weed Killers work?

A

inhibit the electron transport chain

  • Fewer protons pumped across the thylakoid membrane
  • fewer protons diffuse through ATP synthase
  • less ATP and reduced NADP produces
  • Less GP converted to TP in light-independent reactions
  • less TP to be used as profit to synthesis organic molecules needed for growth
  • Reduced growth
61
Q

How does a respirometer work?

A
  1. Carbon dioxide provides in respiration is absorbed by KOH
  2. When oxygen is used respiration pressure decreases
  3. Causes the liquid in the U tube to move towards test tube B
  4. Distance moved by the liquid in a certain amount of time to be used to measure the volume of oxygen uptake.
62
Q

Why are the taps in respirometers left open for 10 minutes?

A
  • Allowing rate of respiration to stabilise
  • Allows for any initial pressure change in the apparatus
  • Allows equilibrium to be reached
63
Q

How can the respiratory quotient be calculated?

A

Volume of carbon dioxide produced during respiration / volume of oxygen used during respiration

  • If the RQ value is 1 then only aerobic respiration is occurring
  • If RQ value is more than 1 then both aerobic and anaerobic respiration are occurring in plants or fungus.

A level Biology (12 decks)

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