Section 4 Providing nutritional advice and applying the principles of nutrition

Question 1

Fasting

Answer 1

Side effects:

• Risk of dehydration.
• Lack of essential nutrients.
• Lack of energy.
• Increased headaches.
• Aches and pains.
• Allergies.
• Bad breath.

Question 2

Very low calorie diets (VLCDs)

Answer 2

Side effects:

• Fatigue, constipation, nausea or diarrhoea.
• Possible gall stone formation.
• Low bioavailability of many fortified nutrients.

Question 3

Slimming groups

Answer 3

Problems:

• Short-term fix
• ‘Yo-yo’ dieting cycle.
• Compromised nutrient intake.

Question 4

Meal replacement

Answer 4

Problems:

• Boredom and taste fatigue.
• Lack of energy.
• Low bioavailability of many of fortified nutrients.
• Low adherence.

Question 5

Food-combining

Answer 5

Problems:

• Erratic blood sugar responses; from high carbohydrate to no carbohydrate.
• Very restrictive meals.
• May lack vitamin A, D, B12, zinc and calcium.

Question 6

Fat burning supplements

Answer 6

Problems:

• May cause illness, even heart attack, seizures and stroke.
• May cause arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat).
• May cause depression, nervousness or insomnia.

Question 7

Ketogenic diets

Answer 7

Problems:

• Increased fat intake and CHD risk.
• Increased protein turnover, kidney function and blood acidity.
• Calcium reduction in bones.
• Less suited to people with a history of kidney function problems.

Question 8

Palaeolithic diets

Answer 8

• Recommended 30% protein intake.
• Greater percentage of monounsaturated fat.
• Less saturated fat.

Problems associated with the diet include:

• Lack of dairy produce.
• Poor calcium intake.

Question 9

Religious and cultural influences

Answer 9

Food habits and traditions vary across the world.

Nutritional advice should support personal decisions and customs.

Question 10

Protein and vitamin supplementation

Answer 10

• Designed only to support a nutrient-rich diet.
• Not a quick-fix for a poor diet.
• High quality supplements can provide good support to health.

Question 11

Creating an energy deficit

Answer 11

Methods:

• Reduce dietary intake by 500 kcal per day.
• Increase exercise/activity by 500 kcal per day.
• Increase exercise/activity by 250 kcal and reduce dietary intake by 250 kcal.