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Biology > Section-4; Genetics > Flashcards

Section-4; Genetics Flashcards

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0
Q

identify the stages of cell division.

A

(Interphase), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. PMAT.

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1
Q

define cell division

A

a process in which a cell divides into two new daughter cells.

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2
Q

distinguish between G1, S, and G2.

A

G1- the period prior to the synthesis of DNA. Cell increase in mass in preparation for cell division.
S- the period in which DNA is synthesized.
G2- the cell synthesizes proteins ms continues to increase in size.

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3
Q

explain the difference between interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.

A

During telophase, the last stage of mitosis, the chromosomes have reached the poles and they begin to uncoil and become less condensed. Two new nuclear envelopes begin to form around each of the two separated sets of unreplicated chromosomes. At the same time, there is division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

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4
Q

Which type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis contributed to the genetic variation among humans?

A

Meiosis(crossing over and variations)

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5
Q

explain the stages of mitosis (you should know what this looks like too)

A

Prophase- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears.
Metaphase- Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.
Anaphase- Sister chromatids separate. centromeres divide.
Telophase-Chromatids expands. Cytoplasm divides.

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6
Q

define haploid

A

cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes.

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7
Q

define diploid

A

cell that contains two sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

differences between human body and sex cells?

A

the human body has 46 chromosomes and sex cells have 23 chromosomes.

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9
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells vs. animal cells

A

animal cell- the cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two equal parts.
plant cell- a cell plate forms.

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10
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

After mitosis, each of the daughter cells will have the exact same DNA strand while after meiosis each daughter cell will have half of the DNA strands.

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11
Q

define gametes

A

A sex cell, either sperm or egg, capable of fusing with another gamete of the opposite sex to form a fertilized egg(not if you use a condom!)

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12
Q

explain crossing over

A

sister chromosomes line up during the early stages of meiosis 1, segments of DNA may be moved from one chromosome to another when the two strands overlap. allows for variation in offspring

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13
Q

define genetics

A

scientific study of heredity

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14
Q

Explain the base pairing rules

A

Adenine to Thymine (A-T)

Cytosine to Guanine (C-G)

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15
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

double helix

16
Q

distinguish between replication, transcription and translation.

A

transcription transfers the genetic code from a molecule of DNA to an RNA molecule. It involves the production of an mRNA molecule. The process starts after the two strands of DNA molecule separate and then one of the strands becomes a pattern for the mRNA molecule. The individual molecular strands then link together to form a strand of mRNA. Translation takes place after transcription of the genetic code into mRNA has been started. The code information must be translated into the four bases found in the mRNA.

17
Q

Where does DNA replication take place in the cell?

A

nucleus

18
Q

Why is DNA replication necessary?

A

forms new DNA which is needed to produce new cells through mitosis for growth and repair.

19
Q

What is the complementary strand for the following DNA strand?
GTTCAG

A

CAAGTC

20
Q

characteristics of DNA

A

double stranded
deoxyribose sugar
thymine as a base
stuck in the nucleus.

21
Q

characteristics of RNA

A

single stranded
ribose sugar
uracil
three kinds; mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

22
Q

What are the major steps to protein synthesis?

A

DNA transcribes into mRNA, the mRNA travels to the ribosome where rRNA is found. on the ribosome the mRNA is divided into codons an the tRNA will bring in the anticodon. Attached to the tRNA is the amino acid. As the amino acids bond together via peptide bonds the polypeptide bond is formed. when a stop codon is reached the protein is released.

23
Q

what is the job of tRNA?

A

The tRNA will bring in the anticodon and the amino acid to assemble the polypeptide chain.

24
Q

what is the cell organelle involved in transcription?

A

nucleus

25
Q

What is the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence?
GTTCAG

A

CAAGUC

26
Q

explain the role of mRNA has in protein synthesis

A

carries the message from DNA to the ribosome

27
Q

identify the location in the cell where translation takes place

A

ribosome in the cytoplasm

28
Q

what is a codon?

A

Codon is a letter nucleotide base found on the mRNA strand.

29
Q

what is cancer? :c

A

uncontrolled cell division

30
Q

define metastasis

A

spread of cancer beyond original site and begin forming new tumors.

31
Q

define mutation

A

change in the sequence of DNA

32
Q

define carcinogen

A

substance that increases the risk of cancer

33
Q

compare benign to malignant tumors.

A

benign- cells remain in a mass and do not spread

malignant- cells invade and destroy healthy tissue- spread beyond original site

Biology (4 decks)

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