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Simon became inarticulate in his effort to express physics' essential illness. > Section 4 - Energy Resources and Energy Transfer > Flashcards

Section 4 - Energy Resources and Energy Transfer Flashcards

1
Q

9 Types of Energy

A

1) Electrical, 2) Light, 3) Sound, 4) Kinetic, 5) Nuclear, 6) Thermal, 7) GPE, 8) Elastic Potential, 9) Chemical

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2
Q

Stored Energies

A

GPE, Elastic Potential, and Chemical energies are stored energies as they are not doing anything, but waiting for something to happen to them

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3
Q

Law of the Conservation of Energy

A

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, only transferred from one form to another

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4
Q

Energy is only useful when…

A

it can be transferred from one form to another

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5
Q

Efficiency

A

useful energy output/total energy input

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6
Q

Energy Transfers

A

Electrical devices convert energy into sound, light, heat, etc
Batteries convert chemical to electrical
GPE and Elastic potential always get converted to Kinetic Energy first
Electricity generation always involves converting one form of energy into electrical energy

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7
Q

Transferring Heat Energy

A

Heat can be transferred by: radiation, conduction, convection

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8
Q

Thermal (infrared) radiation is…

A

the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves

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9
Q

Conduction

A
  • involves particles

- main form of heat transfer in solids

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10
Q

Emission of thermal radiation occurs in…

A

solids, liquids and gases

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11
Q

Effect of temperature difference on heat transfer

A

The greater the temperature difference, the greater the rate of heat transfer

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12
Q

Conduction of heat

A

Conduction of heat is the process where vibrating articles pass on their extra kinetic energy to neighbouring particles - mainly occurs in solids

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13
Q

Convection occurs…

A

when the more energetic particles move from the hotter region to the cooler region: taking their heat energy with them - only occurs in fluids

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14
Q

Convection currents

A
  • Convection currents are all about change in density
  • Hot fluid is less dense than cool fluid
  • Therefore it rises, and the cooler fluid flows to replace it
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15
Q

Work is done when…

A

a force moves an object: transferring energy

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16
Q

Formula for work done

A

Wd(J) = F(N)*d(m)

17
Q

Formula for power

A

P(W) = Wd(J) / t(s)

18
Q

Formula for kinetic energy

A

Ke(J) = ½ * m(kg) * v²(m/s)

19
Q

Formula for G.P.E

A

G.P.E. = m(kg) * g(m/s) * h(m)

20
Q

Non-renewable resources

A

Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuels(uranium and plutonium)

21
Q

How power stations work

A
  • Fuel is burnt
  • Heat is used to create steam
  • Steam turns a turbine
  • Turbine turns a generator
22
Q

Advantages of burning fossil fuels

A
  • Releases lots of energy
  • Relatively cheap
  • Doesn’t rely on the weather(reliable)
23
Q

Disadvantages of burning fossil fuels

A
  • Release carbon dioxide(global warming)
  • Burning coal and oil releases sulphur dioxide, which can cause acid rain
  • Non-renewable
24
Q

Nuclear power stations

A

do the same as fossil fuel power stations, but they produce the heat through nuclear fission

25
Q

Disadvantages of nuclear power stations

A
  • Expensive to build and maintain
  • Processing the uranium before use causes pollution
  • Risk of a leak of radioactive material
  • Expensive to decommission
  • Produces radioactive waste
26
Q

Advantages of nuclear power stations

A
  • Doesn’t produce any greenhouse gases

- Plenty of uranium to be mined

27
Q

Advantages of wind turbines

A
  • Cheap to run(wind is free)
  • Tough and reliable
  • Doesn’t produce any pollution
  • Reliable
28
Q

Disadvantages of wind turbines

A
  • Spoil the view
  • Doesn’t produce as much power as a coal station(1 coal station worth 1500 wind turbines)
  • Takes up a lot of space
  • Expensive to set up a wind farm
  • Unreliable
29
Q

Advantages of geothermal energy

A
  • Renewable energy

- No real environmental issues

30
Q

Disadvantages of geothermal energy

A
  • Expensive to construct(needs extensive drilling)

- Often doesn’t produce enough power to justify construction

31
Q

How geothermal generators work

A
  • Water is pumped down(through pipes) to areas of hot rocks under the ground
  • The heat is often created by the slow decay of radioactive elements
  • Water forced back up due to pressure, and turns a turbine
  • Turbine turns a generator
32
Q

Solar cells(photocells)

A
  • Turn light energy directly into electrical energy

- Generate D.C.

33
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of photocells

A
  • Renewable energy source
  • No pollution
  • Practically no running costs
  • Expensive to set up
  • Often not practical to connect to the national grid
  • Unreliable(cloudy/nighttime = no power)
34
Q

Solar heating systems(solar panels)

A
  • Simpler than solar cells
  • Capture heat
  • Basically black water pipes in a glass box
  • Cost money to set up, but renewable practically no running cost
35
Q

Wave power

A
  • Utilises the up and down motion of waves to drive a generator
  • Transfers the waves kinetic energy into electrical energy
  • No pollution
  • Renewable
  • Fairly unreliable(dependant on wind)
  • High initial costs
  • Minimal running costs
  • Unlikely to provide power on a large scale
36
Q

Tidal barrages

A
  • Big dams built across river estuaries
  • Contain turbines
  • When tide comes in, the estuary is filled up to a height of several metres
  • The water can then be allowed out through the turbines in a controlled manner
  • Renewable
  • No pollution
  • Prevents free access by boats
  • Spoils the view
  • Alters the habitat of the wildlife
  • Pretty reliable(although variable)
  • Moderately high initial costs
  • Minimal running costs
37
Q

Hydroelectricity

A
  • Flooding a valley by building a big dam
  • Renewable
  • No pollution
  • Big environmental impact(loss of habitat + rotting vegetation produces methane)
  • Reliable(except droughts)
  • High initial costs
  • Unsightly
  • Can be used for an immediate response

Simon became inarticulate in his effort to express physics' essential illness. (7 decks)

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