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Simon became inarticulate in his effort to express physics' essential illness. > Section 3 - Waves > Flashcards

Section 3 - Waves Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is wavelength(λ)?

A

The distance from one peak to the next

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2
Q

What is frequency(f)?

A

The number of complete waves per second

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3
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The height of the wave, from the rest(middle of graph) to the crest

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4
Q

What is the period(T)?

A

The time it takes for one complete wave to pass a point

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5
Q

What is the formula for frequency?

A

f = 1/T

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6
Q

What is the formula for the velocity of a wave?

A

v = f*λ

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7
Q

Ratio of kHz to Hz

A

1 : 1000

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8
Q

Ratio of MHz to Hz

A

1 : 1000000

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9
Q

Examples of transverse waves

A

Light, EM waves, ripples on water

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10
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A

Sound/ultrasound, shock waves

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11
Q

Definition of a transverse wave

A

The vibrations are at 90° to the direction energy is transferred by the wave

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12
Q

Definition of a longitudinal wave

A

The vibrations are along the same direction as the wave transfers energy

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13
Q

What do(and don’t) waves transfer?

A

Energy and information, but without transferring matter

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14
Q

How can the direction of travel of waves be changed?

A

Waves can be reflected, refracted and diffracted

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15
Q

What is reflection?

A

The wave rebounds off the object

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16
Q

What is refraction?

A

The wave goes through the object but changes direction

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17
Q

What is diffraction?

A

The wave spreads out when the pass through a gap or past the edge of an object

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18
Q

The 7 electromagnetic waves

A
  • Radio waves
  • Microwaves
  • Infra-red
  • Visible light
  • Ultra-violet
  • X-rays
  • Gamma rays
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19
Q

Which wave has the highest frequency and lowest wavelength?

A

Gamma rays

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20
Q

Which wave has the lowest frequency and the highest wavelength?

A

Radio waves

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21
Q

Colours of visible light

A

Red, Orange, Yellow, Gave, Blue, Indigo, Violet

Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain

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22
Q

Use of radio waves

A

Communication

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23
Q

Use of microwaves

A

Satellite communication(shorter wavelength can pass easily through the atmosphere)

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24
Q

Use of infrared radiation

A

Electrical radiators and night-vision equiptment

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25
Q

Use of visible light

A

Communication through optical fibres/photography

26
Q

Use of ultraviolet

A

Fluorescent lamps

27
Q

Use of X-rays

A

Viewing internal structures of objects and materials

28
Q

Use of gamma rays

A

Sterilising medical equipment/food

29
Q

Danger of microwaves

A

Internal heating of body tissues

30
Q

Danger of infrared radiation

A

Skin burns

31
Q

Danger of visible light

A

Eye damage

32
Q

Danger of ultraviolet light

A

Damage of surface cells(cancer)
Skin burns
Blindness

33
Q

Danger of X-rays

A

Cancer caused by long term exposure

34
Q

Danger of gamma rays

A

Cell mutation/cancer

35
Q

Law of reflection

A

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

36
Q

Where are the angles of incidence and reflection defined?

A

Between the ray and the normal - NOT between the ray and the surface

37
Q

Definition of the normal

A

An imaginary line at right angles to the surface(goes in both directions - both into the mirror and out of it)

38
Q

Three points of a virtual image

A
  • The image is the same size as the object
  • The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front
  • The image is formed from diverging rays
  • Look at p 36 for how to answer the question
39
Q

What happens if a wave hits a different medium face on?

A

The speed changes but the speed remains the same

40
Q

What happens if a wave hits a different medium at an angle?

A

The speed changes and the wave is refracted

41
Q

When light passes into a denser medium…

A

it bends towards the medium

42
Q

When light passes a less dense medium…

A

it bends away from the medium

43
Q

A wave bends towards the normal because…

A

it slows down

44
Q

A wave bends away from the normal because…

A

it speeds up

45
Q

A triangular prism disperses white light because…

A

it doesn’t have parallel boundaries

46
Q

Formula for refractive index

A

n = c(speed of light in vacuum) / v(speed of light in material)

47
Q

Speed of light in a vacuum

A

c = 3 * 10⁸ m/s

48
Q

Snell’s law

A

When an incident ray passes into material:

n = Sin(i) / Sin(r)

49
Q

How to find the refractive index of glass using a glass block

A

Page 38

50
Q

Critical angle

A

When the angle of incidence results in r = 90°

51
Q

Above the critical angle…

A

total internal reflection occurs - no light leaves the medium

52
Q

How to investigate the critical angle

A

Page 39

53
Q

Using Snell’s law to find critical angles

A

Sin(C) = 1 / n

54
Q

Optical fibres

A
  • Made of plastic or glass
  • Consist of a central core surrounded by cladding that has a lower refractive index
  • The core is so narrow that light passing through it hit the core-cladding boundary at angles higher than C
  • Therefore the light is always totally internally reflected
55
Q

Analogue signals

A

Can take any value within a certain rage

56
Q

Digital signals

A

Can only take two values(on/off)

57
Q

What happens to analogue and digital signals as they travel?

A
  • They weaken, and therefore need to be amplified along their route
  • They pick up interference/noise from electrical disturbances and other signals
58
Q

Multiplexing

A

Transmitting multiple signals at the same time with just one cable/EM wave - easier with digital sounds

59
Q

Quantisation

A

Rounding multiple values to a smaller set: more data is lost with an analogue signal than a digital signal

60
Q

When sound waves enter a denser medium…

A

they speed up and refract

61
Q

How to measure sound waves

A

Connect a sound wave receiver(such as a microphone) to an oscilloscope

62
Q

Measuring the speed of sound using an oscilloscope

A

Page 42

Simon became inarticulate in his effort to express physics' essential illness. (7 decks)

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