Section 4 Definitions Flashcards
mortality
a state or a risk of death or dying
morbidity
the state of having a disease
high-intensity interval training (HIIT)
an exercise training method defined bu intervals of near-maximal intensity broken up by relatively short rest periods
deconditioned
a sate of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability
health risk assessment (HRA)
a screening tool used to evaluate the benefits and the risks associated with starting any type of exercise that is strenuous in nature
contraindication
a specific situation where a medication, procedure, or exercise should be avoided because it may prove to be harmful to the individual
physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q+)
a detailed questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s readiness to engage with structured exercise
false-positive screenings
a screening where the result of the health risk assessment might indicate a need for medical clearance, when one is in fact not needed
health history questionnaire (HHQ)
a questionnaire with lists of questions that pertain to the health history and habits of a potential client, such as exercise history, eating behaviours and general lifestyle
resting heart rate (RHR)
bpm while at complete rest
thermoregulation
a physiological process by which the body maintains a relatively constant internal body temperature, including events like sweating to cool, and shivering to warm the body
peripheral vasodilation
action of expanding the diameter of a blood vessel near the surface of the skin, which helps to remove heat from the body
heart rate (HR)
measurement of number of times heartbeats in a specified period of time, usually 1minute
blood pressure (BP)
outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls: systolic/diastolic
systolic blood pressure (SBP)
the pressure in the arteries and other vessels when the heart is contracting, the first/top number
diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
the pressure in the arteries and other vessels between beats, when the heart is at rest, the second/bottom number
arterial system
system of arteries carrying blood away from the heart
brachial artery
primary artery of upper arm, often used as a site of measuring blood pressure
anthropometry
field of study of the measurement of living humans for the purpose of understanding human physical variation in size, weight, and proportion
BMI
a person’s weight relative to height, used to estimate risk of obesity
circumference measurement
measurement that determines overall dimensions (girth) of a body segment, estimate body composition, or prevalence of obesity
waist circumference
narrowest circumference taken around the midline of the body at the approximate height of belly button
waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
relative score expressing the ratio of the waist circumference to the hip circumference, correlates to the risk for developing cardiovascular disease
gluteal fold
the area where the fold of the buttocks joins the back of the thigh
skinfold measurements
a technique used to estimate body fat in which calipers are used to pinch the skin in certain areas of the body
Jackson and Pollock 7-site protocol
measures the thickness of skinfolds at 7 sites on the body to estimate body fat percentage. chest, mid-axillary, subscapular, triceps, abdoment, suprailiac, thigh
Jackson and Pollock 3-site protocol
M: chest, abdomen, thigh
F: triceps, suprailiac, thigh
4-site Durnin-Womersley protocol
biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
a body composition assessment tool that estimates body fat percentage by measuring the resistance to the flow of electrical currents introduced into the body
Archimedes’ principle
assumption stating that the volume of fluid displaced is equivalent of the volume below the surface
cardiorespiratory fitness
ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to provide the body with oxygen during activity
cardiorespiratory assessments
protocols intended to measure the aerobic fitness of an individual
mitochondria
part of the cell that uses nutrients to created energy for the cell; powerhouse of the cell
YMCA 3-minute step test
aerobic test that measures cardiovascular fitness of an individual based on a 3min bout of stair stepping at a specific cadence
recovery heart rate (RHR)
number of heartbeats, measured after exercise ceases, which provides some indication of an individual’s fitness level (quicker recovery, more conditioned/fit)
Rockport walk test
aerobic test for deconditioned individuals or those of low fitness levels in which they are instructed to walk as fast as possible and have their pulse taken immediately after completing 1-mile
1.5mile (2.4km) run test
aerobic test measures cardiorespiratory endurance by having the participant cover the distance in as short a time as possible
talk test
aerobic test that measures the participant’s ability to talk or hold a conversation during an activity at various intensity levels
steady-state (SS) heart rate
any stage at which the physiological response of heart rate from the cardiovascular system becomes relatively constant in relation to the amount of work being performed (HR response matches level of work being done)
VT1
the point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources
VT2
point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity
anaerobic energy systems
energy systems used to perform work in which glycogen is converted to glucose and oxygen is insufficient to breakdown pyruvate and create ATP
static posture
positioning of the musculoskeletal system which the body is motionless
dynamic posture
alignment of the body while in motion
optimal movement
moving in a biomechanically efficient manner that maximizes muscle recruitment and minimizes risk of injury
movement impairments
abnormal movement patterns that can indicate possible muscle imbalances or mobility limitation
movement assessment
assessment of a client’s movement patterns and postural alignments during movement or activity; aka dynamic postural assessment
muscle imbalance
altered length-tension relationships of muscles on each side of a joint
performance assessment
to measure overall strength, muscular endurance, power and agility
pes planus
collapsed arch of foot (flat feet)
overactive
when elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction
underactive
when a muscle is experiencing chronic neural inhibition and limited neuromuscular recruitment
static postural assessment
assessment that provides insight into deviations from optimal alignment of the body in standing posture
anterior
front of the body
posterior
back of the body
kinetic chain checkpoints
5 areas of the body that are monitored during movement assessments and exercise. They are: foot/ankle, knees, LPHC, shoulders and head/neck
anterior pelvic tilt
excessive forward rotation of the pelvis that results in greater lumbar lordosis
knee valgus
knees collapse inward (knock knees) due to internal hip rotation and adduction; aka medial knee displacement, aka genu valgum
knee varus
knees bow outward, aka bowlegged, aka genu varum
pes planus distortion syndrome
postural syndrom characterized by flat feet, knee valgus, adducted and internally rotated hips
lower crossed syndrome
postural syndrome characterized by anterior pelvic tilt and excessive lordosis
lordotic/lordosis
normal curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine regions creating concave portions of the spine
upper cross syndrome
postural syndrome characterized by forward head and protracted shoulders
overhead squat assessment (OHSA)
dynamic postural assessment, core stability, neuromuscular control of whole body during squatting motion
single-leg squat assessment
dynamic postural assessment, lower extremity strength, balance and overall coordination in single-limb stance
pushing assessment
challenges upper extremities and trunk during pushing movement to identify movement impairments and potential muscle imbalances
pulling assessment
challenges upper extremities and trunk during pulling movement to identify movement impairments and potential muscle imbalances
push-up test
performance assessment that measures muscular endurance of the upper extremities during pushing movement
bench press strength assessment
designed to estimate the one-repetition maximum of the bench press exercise
squat strength assessment
designed to estimate the 1-rep max of the squat exercise
vertical jump assessment
designed to test maximal jump height and power of the legs
lower extremities functional test (LEFT)
designed to test lateral speed and agility
40-yard dash assessment
tests reaction capabilities, acceleration and max speed
pro shuttle (5-10-5) assessment
tests lateral acceleration, deceleration agility and control
