Section 4 Flashcards
Drug: Acetazolamide
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug: Acetazolamide
Type? Diuretic
Site of action? Proximal tubule (site 1)
Mechanism of action? Non-competative inhibition of carbonic anhydrase enzyme
Treatment goal(s)?
- Decrease introcular pressure (glaucoma)
- Urinary alkalization (disolove stones, excrete acidic toxins)
Unique characterists?
- Short-term use only
- May cause calcium phosphate uroliths
Drug: Enalapril
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug: Enalapril
Type? ACE inhibitor (vasodilator)
Site of action?
Mechanism of action? Inhibits ACE = reduces formation of angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor)
Treatment goal(s)?
- Decrease systemic blood pressure
- Decrease in left ventricular filling pressure = increased CO (CHF)
- Long term reduction in cardiac remodeling
Unique characterists?
- Risk for hypotension
- Can enhance effects of diuretics
- Can decrease GFR
- Contraindicated with NSAID administration (both drugs reduce GFR)
- Extra label use in cats
- Must be activated in the liver
Drug: Furosemide
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug: Furosemide
Type? Diuretic, specifically “loop-diuretic”
Site of action? Thick ascending loop of Henle (site 2)
Mechanism of action? Blocks NKCC2 transport protein = inhibits Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter
Treatment goal(s)?
- Decreases ECF volume (acute pulmonary edema)
- Increases urine output and loss of K+ (acute renal failure)
- Excretion of excess Na+, Cl-, Mg2+ and H+ (ion imbalances)
- Decreases pulmonary vascular pressure (exercise induced pulmonary hemmorhage)
Unique characterists?
- Risk of severe dehyration and hypovolumic shock
- Cats have a narrow dose range
- Otoxicity
- Contraindicated with: NSAIDS, glucocorticoids, digitalis
Drug: Hydrochlorothiazide
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug: Hydrochlorothiazide
Type? Diuretic
Site of action? Early distal tubule (site 3)
Mechanism of action? Blocks NCC transport protein = inhibits NaCl re-absorption
Treatment goal(s)?
- Any that reqiuires a diuretic
- Too much calcium in the urine
Unique characterists?
- Opposite effect of “loop-diuretics”
- Less sodium loss than furosemide (loop diuretic)
Drug: Spironolactone
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug: Spironolactone
Type? Diuretic (postassium sparing)
Site of action? Late distal tubule (site 4)
Mechanism of action? Acts as an aldosterone analog = inhibits expression of sodium channels = K+ is not exchanged for Na+
Treatment goal(s)?
- Prevent hypokalemia when using thiazides or loop diuretics
- Prevents hypokalemia with hyperaldosteronism
- Reduces edema secondary to hyper aldosteronism
Unique characterists?
- Only drug that does not act in within the tubular lumen
- Not dependant on glomerular filtration
- Activity is dependant on presence of aldosterone
- Slower onset and longer duration
Drug: Triamterene
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Triamterene
Type? Diuretic (potassium sparing)
Site of action? Late distal tubule and collecting duct (site 4)
Mechanism of action? Blocks sodium channels in principal cells (epithelium)
Treatment goal(s)?
- Prevents hypokalemia with thiazides or loop diuretics
- Prevents hypokalemia with hyperaldosteronism
- Reduces edema secondary to hyper aldosteronism
Unique characterists?
- K+ is not exchanged for Na+ as sodium re-absorption is inhibited
- Actively secreted into the proximal tubule
- Faster onset and shorter duration
Drug: Atropine, glycopyrrolate & ipratropium
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Atropine, glycopyrrolate & ipratropium
Type? Bronchodilator (muscarinic receptor blockers)
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
- Severe asthmatic states
Unique characteristics?
- Not very effective in animals
- Ipratropium is most effective
- Can be combined with other bronchodilators
- Low bioavailability
Drug: Amlodipine
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Amlodipine
Type? Vasodilator
Site of action? Vascular smooth muscle
Mechanism of action? Blocks calcium channels = decreased Ca2+ = decreased contraction = vasorelaxation
Treatment goal(s)?
- Decrease systemic blood pressure
- Decrease cardiac load
Unique characteristics?
- Cats = renal hypertension, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, hyperthyroidism
- Dogs = hypertension and CHF
Drug: Carvedilol
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Carvedilol
Type? Beta-AR antagonist
Site of action? Beta-1 and Alpha-1 AR receptors
Mechanism of action? Reduces chronic NE stimulation on the heart in CHF, anti-oxidant, stimulates Beta-arrestin signaling (improves cardiomyocyte survival)
Treatment goal(s)?
- Increase ejection fraction
- Decrease HR
- Decrease other signs of CHF
Unique characteristics?
- Some individuals have a polymorphism in the Beta-1 ARs = poor prognosis but higher sensitivity to the drug
- Beta-2 ARs in a conformational state so they can interact with Beta-arrestin
Drug: Dobutamine
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Dobutamine
Type? Positive inotropic drug (catecholamine)
Site of action? Cardiac Beta-1 ARs
Mechanism of action? Stimulates cardiac Beta-1 ARs
Treatment goal(s)?
- Increase cardiomyocyte contractility
- Increase CO
- Support BP
- Help maintain renal blood flow
Unique characteristics?
- Dilate renal vasculature at low doses
- Can also be produced by fenoldmpam
- Acute heart failure only
Drug: Pimobendan (vetmedin)
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Pimobendan (vetmedin)
Type? Positive inotropic drug (phosphodiesterase inhibitor)
Site of action?
Mechanism of action? Inhibits PDE II &V = increases cAMP = vasodilation = decreased pre-load and afterload
Treatment goal(s)?
- Vasodilation
- Increase cardiomyocyte contractility = increases calcium concentrations
- CHF secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy or mitral disease
Unique characteristics?
*
Drug: Digoxin
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Digoxin
Type? Digitalis glycoside (mild positive ionotropic agent)
Site of action? Blocks Na+/K+ ATPase
Mechanism of action? Inhibiton of Na+/K+ ATPase = increased intracellular Na+ = decreased Na+/Ca2+ exchange = calcium is retained in the cell
Treatment goal(s)?
- Increase cardiac contraction amplitude and speed
- Prevent propagation of supraventricular arrhythmias (decreased AV conduction)
- Decrease HR
Unique characteristics?
- Lower dose range produces positive iontropy
- Toxic doses heart is sensitized to catecholamines = arrhythmias
- Signs of toxicity = vomiting, diarrhea, CNS depression, convulsions, yellow vision
- Narrow dosage range
Methoxyflurane
Isoflurane
Nitrous oxide
Blood solubulity?
Induction & recovery time?
Blood solubulity
- Methoxyflurane (highest)
- Isoflurane
- Nitrous oxide
Induction & recovery time
- Methoxyflurane (Longest)
- Isoflurane
- Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide = vacuum effeect = accelerates enter of other anesthetics
Drug: Albuterol & clenbuterol
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Albuterol (dogs and cats) & clenbuterol (horses)
Type? Bronchodilator
Site of action? Beta-2 AR agonist
Mechanism of action? Stimuation of Beta-2 ARs = increase in diameter of both small and large ariways = increase in mucociliary clearance = decrease in inflammatory mediators
Treatment goal(s)?
- Reduce bronchoconstriction
Unique characteristics?
- May cause cardiac arrhythmias
Drug: Theophylline (aminophylline)
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characteristics?
Drug: Theophylline (aminophylline)
Type? Bronchodilator (methylxanthines)
Site of action? Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Mechanism of action? Inhibits phosphodiesterase = decreased cAMP breakdown = decreased intracellular calcium mobilization = also antagonise at adenosine receptors (bronchodilation)
Treatment goal(s)?
- Dilate small and large ariways
- Increase mucociliary clearance
- Anti-inflammatory
Unique characteristics?
- Low therapudic index = risk of toxicity
- related to chocolate poisoning
Drug:
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug:
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
*
Drug: Codeine, butorphanol & dexotromethorphan
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug: Codeine, butorphanol & dexotromethorphan
Type? Opiate antitussive drugs
Site of action? Brain
Mechanism of action? Decrease sensitivity of the cough center from afferent stimuli from the lungs
Treatment goal(s)?
- Reduce cough
- Reduce airway irritation
Unique characterists?
- Only codeine depresses respiration and has human abuse potential
Drug: Dexotromethorphan
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug: Dexotromethorphan
Type? Antitussive opioids (D-isomer of codeine)
Site of action? Sigma receptor agonist
Mechanism of action? Unknown
Treatment goal(s)?
- Antitussive agent
Unique characterists?
- No opiate analgesic effects
- Commonly used in small animals
- In OTC cough preparations
Drug: Butorphanol
Type?
Site of action?
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
Unique characterists?
Drug: Butorphanol
Type? Antitussive
Site of action? Kappa-type opoid receptor agonist
Mechanism of action?
Treatment goal(s)?
- Antitussive
Unique characterists?
- Some potential for substance abuse
- 100X more potent than codeine
- Used in dogs and horses
