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Pharmacology > Fall '13 Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Fall '13 Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a static drug?

A

Tetracycline

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2
Q

What does a static antibiotic do?

A

Decreases rate of bacterial population expansion

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3
Q

What does a static antibiotic require to be successful?

A

A healthy host defense response

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4
Q

What is the method of action of Tetracycline?

A
  1. Anti-metabolic

2. Inhibits protein synthesis

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5
Q

What does a cidal antibiotic drug do?

A

Kills the bacteria (cell lysis)

Reduces bacterial population numbers

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6
Q

What is an example of a cidal drug?

A

Penicillin

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7
Q

What kind of patients require cidal drugs?

A

Immunodeficient patients

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8
Q

How do cidal antibiotic drugs work?

A
  1. Inhibit DNA & protein synthesis

2. Affect cell wall integrity

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9
Q

What do newer cidal drugs do?

A

Trigger apoptosis

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10
Q

What are 3 examples of newer apoptotic cidal drugs?

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Fluoroquinolones
  3. Beta-lactams
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11
Q

How can the concentration of Penicillin influence its effect? Do different concentrations have different effects?

A

Yes!
Clinical concentrations = bacteri-cidal
Very low or high = bacterio-static

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12
Q

What happens when you give both cidal and static antibiotic?

A

They antagonize each other!

BAD

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13
Q

What is the MIC?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration

= bacteriostatic

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14
Q

What is the Kirby-Baur Method?

A

MIC disk diffusion method

Only semi-quantitative

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15
Q

What is the broth or dilution method?

A

Quantitative

But only tests one strain

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16
Q

What does MICx mean?

A

x = percent of strains that are sensitive to the drug

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17
Q

What is the median MICx?

A

MIC50

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18
Q

What is MBC?

A

Minimum bactericidal concentration
Lowest drug concentration that will prevent growth of a bacteria after treatment and reculturing on antibiotic free media

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19
Q

Is the MBC higher or lower than the MIC value?

A

Higher

much higher than then MIC

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20
Q

Tetracycline:

Broad, intermediate, or narrow spectrum of activity?

A

Intermediate

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21
Q

Fluoroquinolones (3rd generation):

Broad, intermediate, or narrow spectrum of activity?

A

Broad

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22
Q

Chloramphenicol:

Broad, intermediate, or narrow spectrum of activity?

A

Broad (beta-lactam)

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23
Q

Carbapenems:

Broad, intermediate, or narrow spectrum of activity?

A

Broad (beta-lactam)

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24
Q

Cephaloporins (2nd-4th generations):

Broad, intermediate, or narrow spectrum of activity?

A

Intermediate

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25
Q

Penicillin:

Broad, intermediate, or narrow spectrum of activity?

A

Narrow

26
Q

List some drugs with concentration dependent activity.

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Fluoroloquinalones
  3. Metronidazole
27
Q

List some drugs with time dependent activity.

A
  1. Beta-lactams
  2. Chloramphenicol
  3. Tetracyclines
  4. Macrolides
  5. Potentiated sulfas
28
Q

What are two drugs that have a large post-antibiotic effect?

A
  1. Aminoglycosides

2. Tetracyclines

29
Q

Name a few drugs that are weak bases?

A
  1. Trimethoprim
  2. Macrolides
  3. Lincosamides
30
Q

Where do drugs that are weak bases accumulate?

A

Acidic fluids

  1. Milk
  2. Ruminal fluids
31
Q

What is the effect of inflammation on drug penetration?

A

Increased.

Esp. to protected sites like brain, prostrate & eye.

32
Q

How does plasma protein binding affect how a drug is eliminated?

A

It reduces the rate of elimination.
(glomerular filtration only)
Drugs must be actively secreted into the tubules

33
Q

What type of metabolism predominates for lipophilic drugs?

A

Hepatic.

34
Q

Are sulfonamides acids or bases?

A

Acids.

35
Q

Is trimethoprim an acid or a base?

A

Base.

36
Q

When is a bacteria multi-drug resistant?

A

When it is resistant to 3 or more drug classes

37
Q

What is the breakpoint concentration? What is it’s significance?

A

Concentration above which a particular bacterium is considered significantly resistant.

38
Q

What is intrinsic drug resistance?

A
  1. Bacterial have natural barriers
  2. Bacteria lacks drug target
  3. Bacteria has a lot of innate resistance.
39
Q

What are some groups of bacteria that have a lot in innate resistance?

A
  1. Mycobacteria

2. Pseudomonas

40
Q

What is acquired drug resistance?

A

Chromosomal mutation.

  1. Vertical
  2. Horizontal
41
Q

What forms of mutation are most clinically important?

A
  1. Transduction (bacteriophage)

2. Conjugation

42
Q

How much do chemical alterations affect the MIC value?

A

100-fold change

43
Q

How much to alterations in drug transport affect the MIC value?

A

10-fold change

44
Q

Name 3 ways we can combat antimicrobial drug resistance?

A
  1. Use combinations of drugs from different classes
  2. Use the mutant prevention concentration (MPC)
    = LOWEST drug concentration that arrests growth
  3. Keep the concentration above the mutant selection window (MIC90)
45
Q

How do sulfonamides work?

A

Anti-metabolites that inhibit folate synthesis
PABA analog
Inhibit DPSase

46
Q

What is a short acting sulfonamide?

A

Sulfa-methoxazole

47
Q

What is an intermediate acting sulfonamide?

A

Sulta-dimethoxine

48
Q

What is a sulfonamide used for GI infections?

A

Sulfa-salazine

49
Q

What is a topical sulfonamide?

A

Silver sulfa-diazine

50
Q

Why are triple sulfas advantageous?

A

Law of independent solubility
= can use low concentrations of each drug
= their effects are additive
= keeps side effects low

51
Q

What are diaminopyrimidines?

A

Drugs that also inhibit folic acid synthesis but at a different enzyme = DHFRase

52
Q

What drug is contraindicated with sulfonamides?

A

Procaine penicillin.
= procaine produces PABA metabolites
= procaine PABA competes with PABA analogs of sulfonamide drugs

53
Q

What happens when you combine sulfonamides with diaminopyrimidines?

A

-static + -static = -cidal!

54
Q

What is the name of a specific diaminopyrimidine?

A

Trimethoprim

55
Q

How does adding trimetoprim to sulfonamides affect the MIC value?

A

Reduces the MIC value

56
Q

How does adding trimetoprim to sulfonamides affect the spectrum of activity?

A

Expands the spectrum of activity.

57
Q

What is susceptible to sulfonamide + trimethoprim drugs?

A
  1. Aerobes
  2. Anaerobes
  3. Atypicals = chlamydia
  4. Protozoans
58
Q

Which drug is given at a higher concentration: sulfonamides or trimethoprim?

A

Sulfonamides

59
Q

What are some adverse effects of sulfonamides?

A
  1. Renal crystalluria
  2. Keratoconjunctivitis in dogs
  3. Immune reactions in Dobermans
60
Q

What is an adverse effect of trimethoprim?

A

Folate deficiency

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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