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History Making of Modern Britain > Section 4- 1979-87 > Flashcards

Section 4- 1979-87 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Thatcher come into power?

A

1979

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2
Q

When was the adoption of the monetarist policy?

A

1980

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3
Q

When was the Falklands war?

A

1982

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4
Q

When was Thatcher’s second election victory?

A

1983

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5
Q

When did Neil Kinnock become leader of Labour?

A

1983

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6
Q

When were the miner’s strikes?

A

1984

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7
Q

When was the IRA Brighton bombing?

A

1984

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8
Q

what were some key events in 1986?

A

Westland Affair
supply-side economics adopted
Single European act

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9
Q

What was Thatcher’s political ideology?

A

The New Right

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10
Q

What were Thatcher’s policies?

A

Free markets​

Monetarism​

Privatisation​

Cuts in public spending​

Cuts in taxes​

Emphasising individuals

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11
Q

What was the nickname given to ministers who did not support Thatcher’s policies?

A

wets

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12
Q

What was the nickname given to ministers who did support Thatcher’s policies?

A

drys

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13
Q

what time period did labour lose 4 elections in a row?

A

1979-1992

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14
Q

who led the splits in labour?

A

Benn and Foot

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15
Q

Foot’s ideology?

A

Foot was a Bevanite who supported unilateral nuclear disarmament, and only narrowly beat Dennis Healey (centre-right), who became deputy leader

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16
Q

Benn’s ideology?

A

Tony Benn’s influence grew, despite losing as deputy leader, but he was hugely unpopular among moderates, over issues such as his opposition to EEC membership

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17
Q

What did left-wing labour believe in?

A

Trade Unions: Vital part of Labour movement, especially as it was crucial to origins​​

EEC: Only beneficial for employers, therefore Britain should leave​​

Nuclear Weapons: Unilateral disarmament - makes the world more dangerous​​

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18
Q

What did right-wing labour believe in?

A

trade unions: Too influential​​

EEC: Essential for Britain’s economic interests as well as peace in Europe​​

Nuclear Weapons: Threat of USSR significant – Britain should retain weapons​​

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19
Q

Who were the ‘gang of four’?

A

Roy Jenkins, former MP, Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer (leader of SDP)​

David Owen, Labour MP, former Foreign Secretary​

Bill Rogers, Labour MP, former Transport Secretary​

Shirley Williams, former MP, former Secretary of State for Education

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20
Q

what did the gang of four create?

A

the social democratic party

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21
Q

why was the social democratic party created?

A

All had worked for the Wilson and Callaghan governments, but had become frustrated with the anti-EEC and pro-trade union nature of the party​

Aimed to be radical but not socialist, and attract disaffected members of Labour and Conservative parties

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22
Q

1979- how many seats did thatcher win with?

A

43 seats- led to callaghan’s resignation

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23
Q

1983- how many seats did thatcher win with?

A

144

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24
Q

what helped Thatcher win the 1983 election

A

The Falklands
Foot’s unpopularity

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25
Q

1987-how many seats did thatcher win with?

A

100 seats

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26
Q

by 1980- what was inflation running at?

A

15%

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27
Q

by 1980 how many were unemployed?

A

2 million

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28
Q

what prevented a run on the pound and a balance of payments deficit?

A

North Sea gas and oil

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29
Q

what did the monetarist policy include?

A

decreasing government borrowing, cuts to council grants, and a benefits freeze​

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30
Q

what was standard rate tax of income tax reduced by?

A

33% to 30%, and the higher rate from 83% to 60%

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31
Q

what was tax on unearned income reduced be?

A

98% to 75%

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32
Q

what was VAT increased by?

A

8%/12% to a flat rate of 15%

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33
Q

what did interest rates increase by?

A

jumping from 12% to 17% in 6 months​

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34
Q

What did the 1986 local government act do?

A

introduced rate capping, limiting local taxes, expanded centralised powers by abolishing metropolitan local authorities

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35
Q

in 1979 how much did manufacturing bring into the country?

A

30% national income
employed 6.8 million people

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36
Q

which companies were privatised?

A

British airways
British telecom
British steel
British gas
British ship builders

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37
Q

what did privatisation lead to?

A

higher quality for less price
people lost jobs

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38
Q

what flotation did british gas recieve?

A

£5/6 million

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39
Q

what did share princes increase by?

A

50p-67p ending at 62 and 1/2p

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40
Q

by 1990 how many businesses had been privatised?

A

more than 40 businesses employing 600,000 workers

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41
Q

what flotation had british telecom recieved?

A

£4bn in 1984

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42
Q

what did chris huhne propose?

A

a market that gives to low-carbon forms of generation

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43
Q

what was thatcher’s saying

A

‘the lady is not for turning’

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44
Q

when did thatcher remove the fair wages act?

A

1982

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45
Q

what was the 1983 investigation?

A

the legality of Stock Exchange practices around minimum commissions, and its elite nature

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46
Q

what did the october big bang 1986 lead to?

A

removed fixed commission charges, distinction between broker/jobber, and the social class limitations​

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47
Q

how much debt did thatcher pay off?

A

£360 million in 2 years

48
Q

what did the inner cities decline lead to?

A

led to riots in major cities in 1980/1981 and 1985, including Handsworth

49
Q

what did the Scarman report identify the issue as for the riots?

A

poverty and race

50
Q

Who was the leader of NUM?

A

Arthur Scargill

51
Q

what did Thatcher do to coal mines?

A

close those making no profit

52
Q

what was the slogan created when Thatcher was closing down collieries?

A

‘close a pit, kill a community’

53
Q

what was the ‘battle of Orgreave’ 1984?

A

a violent confrontation between strikers and officers, including the Metropolitan Police, at a British Steel Corporation (BSC) coking plant at Orgreave, in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England.

54
Q

how many people died at the battle of orgreave?

A

323

55
Q

why was the battle of orgreave controversial?

A

police fabricated evidence to gain more charges

56
Q

what did Tebbit’s Trade Union act of 1984 do?

A

made wildcat strikes illegal
requirement of a ballot
not able to strike on company land

57
Q

What was the employment act of 1980 do?

A

outlawed secondary picketing and limiting the closed shop​

58
Q

what did the employment act of 1982 do?

A

reduced the rights of trade unions and made strikes more difficult

59
Q

what did thatcher term the political power of the trade unions?

A

‘undemocratic socialism’

60
Q

Steal Strike 1980

A

government funded a pay rise after strike, but British Steel was forced to make redundancies due to increased costs.

61
Q

Miner’s strike 1984/5

A

failed due to: lack of unity in the union and Labour; coal stocks at power stations; summertime; legislation.

62
Q

The Wapping Dispute 1986/7

A

typesetters had become increasingly corrupt, so Rupert Murdoch led the move to new technology to avoid using them – no agreement was reached between management and unions, so a strike was called in January 1986, and redundancies were issued. The strike ended in February 1987.

63
Q

what did the failed strikes lead to?

A

Unions were weakened by failed strikes and rising unemployment – membership fell by about 3 million

64
Q

when was the poll tax introduced?

A

Introduced in Scotland 1989, England and Wales in 1990, but never in Northern Ireland

65
Q

when was the right to buy introduced?

A

1980
said profit would fund more houses being built but they weren’t

66
Q

what were the negative consequences of the ‘right to buy’?

A

not many houses for those who needed social housing
replacement rate less than 20%
not always safe for low income families to buy due to mortgage payments and repairs

67
Q

what were the positve consequences of the ‘right to buy’?

A

tenants could get up to 70% off their house
social mobility
more than 107,000 properties were sold
people looked after their area when they own property
reduces social exclusion

68
Q

who was the poll tax paid to?

A

local councils

69
Q

when did thatcher make a promise to get rid of the rates?

A

1974

70
Q

when were study groups set up to reform local government?

A

1984

71
Q

what was the poll tax?

A

a flat rate that everyone paid regardless of income and property value

72
Q

how many authorities found the new tax to be higher than estimated?

A

9 out 11

73
Q

how many people in Scotland refused to pay?

A

15%

74
Q

how many Scots joined the demonstrated against the poll tax

A

15,000

75
Q

how much was the poll tax?

A

£363

76
Q

what were the political consequences of the poll tax?

A

Thatcher lost MP loyalty
1990- 100,000 people protested in Trofolga square
Hessletine released an article stating Thatcher did not listen

77
Q

how many people refused to pay the poll tax?

A

50% of people in some areas
4 months after it launched 1/5 adults had not paid

78
Q

what was section 28

A

part of the local government act 1988
censored schoolbooks and national curriculum and teachers could be fired for discussing LGBTQ+
local council “shall not intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality”

79
Q

what did the British survey 1987 say about peoples opinion on gay

A

3/4 said it was “wrong”
11% it wasnt

80
Q

what was labour’s response to section 28

A

adopted a resolution to criminalise discrimination at its 1985 annual conference

81
Q

what was public response to section 28

A

1988 lesbian activists stormed BBC studios
gay protests and marches

82
Q

when was the march for jobs?

A

1981
unemployment had reached 2.5 millio
150,000 attended

83
Q

what was the response for the march of jobs?

A

1981- TUC organised jobs for youth campaign

84
Q

when was greenham common?

A

1981

85
Q

what was greenham common

A

4 women marched 120 miles from west wales for greenham common in protest of nuclear weapons

86
Q

when did the issues with the Falklands begin?

A

1981

87
Q

who were britain fighting over the falklands with?

A

argentina

88
Q

when did argentina take back the falklands?

A

1981

89
Q

what was Thatcher’s response to argentina taking back the# falklands?

A

declared an exclusion zone around the islands and organised a task force of 100 ships and over 600 soliders

90
Q

what did Raegan request Thatcher do with the falklands

A

let argentina have it- thatcher refused
US supplied britain with weapons

91
Q

when did a british submarine sink and argentian cruiser- general balgrano

A

1982- 323 killed

92
Q

who were the british navy facing?

A

argentinian air force

93
Q

how long was the battle for goose green?

A

14 hours

94
Q

how many argentians surrendered?

A

over 900

95
Q

how many brits were killed and injured during the falklands war?

A

255 killed
775 injured

96
Q

why were Thatcher and Reagan so supportive of each other?

A

they were politically aligned

97
Q

what did Britain do after thatcher and Raegan agreed the west should be armed with nuclear weapons?

A

bought, at an initial cost of £10 billion, Trident missiles to replace the obsolete Polaris variety.

98
Q

when did Britain agree to allow the USA to install its Cruise missiles at the US air force base at Greenham Common and what did it lead to?

A
  1. This led to a resurgence of the CND movement in Britain.
99
Q

when did Thatcher give permission for the USA to use British air bases to bomb Libya?

A

1986

100
Q

what partially damaged the special relationship?

A

1983, The USA invaded the Commonwealth state of Grenada in the Caribbean after a Communist coup.
Thatcher was only made aware of the invasion a matter of hours before it began

101
Q

by 1990 was Thatcher popular?

A

she was more popular abroad than in Britain

102
Q

what nickname was given to thatcher?

A

the iron lady- dude to her strong stance against communism

103
Q

Thatcher and the east

A

she made several visits to the Eastern Bloc, including Poland, Hungary and the USSR.- she became a symbol of freedom

104
Q

what did Poland do to honour Thatcher?

A

chapels and shrines were dedicated to her

105
Q

what was ‘Solidarity’ in poland?

A

the Polish trade union movement led by Lech Walesa- thatcher openly supported it

106
Q

what was British opinion of thatcher supporting solidarity?

A

confused as to how she could be pro-trade unions abroad but anti-trade unions in Britain

107
Q

what were the 3 pillar’s that thatcher’s contribution to ending the cold war were based on?

A

Her combative style and determination to confront the Soviet Union in the early 1980s​

Her willingness to negotiate with the new reformist leader, Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985​

Britain’s ‘special relationship’ with the USA

108
Q

who was Gorbachev?

A

new leader of the USSR
30 years younger than predecessor
promoted openness, modernisation and restructuring

109
Q

what did thatcher do in regard to Gorbachev and Raegan in 1986?

A

Thatcher encouraged Reagan to negotiate with Gorbachev and at the Reykjavik summit in 1986, both men realised compromises could be reached

110
Q

Thatcher and the EEC

A

did not like the unelected
security control
anti-single currency
did not want to loose sovereignty

111
Q

when was british rebate?

A

1984

112
Q

what did Howe do in relation to Fontainebleau

A

made notes for the FCO files

113
Q

Bruges speech

A

1988

114
Q

how much money did Thatcher get back at Fontainebleau?

A

65-66%

115
Q

how much had thatcher hoped for at Fontainebleau?

A

90% but was shut down by Mitterrand and Kohl

History Making of Modern Britain (6 decks)

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