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AcDec-Science > Section 3-People > Flashcards

Section 3-People Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which two scientists, both working on animals of Asian and Australian origin in the East Indies, presented their independent findings on evolution to the Linnean Society of London in 1858?

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

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2
Q

Whose theory of inheritance contended that an individual inherits characteristics that its parents acquired during their lifetime?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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3
Q

Who described the distribution and behavior of chromosomes during different stages of mitosis?

A

Walther Flemming

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4
Q

______ made the connection between meiosis , sexual reproduction, and genetic variation.

A

August Weismann

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5
Q

Who described crossing over during meiosis and suggested the role this step plays in genetic variability and natural selection?

A

August Weismann

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6
Q

Who conducted experiments to determine if acquired traits could be passed down to the following generation, and found that a somatic trait would not be transmitted?

A

August Weismann

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7
Q

Who proposed the germ-plasm theory of heredity?

A

August Weismann

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8
Q

Who first observed that allele frequency ratio will not change over generations in a non-evolving population?

A

Udny Yule

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9
Q

Who advanced the concept of the allele frequency ratio in his study of the human population and proposed that the ratio of allele frequency could change in any generation if that population was selected out of the gene pool for certain reasons?

A

William Castle

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10
Q

Whose theorem states that the allele frequencies in a population will not change generation after generation if equilibrium is reached?

A

G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg (Hardy-Weinberg theorem)

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11
Q

Who used statistical methods to quantify genetic variations within a population over time?

A

Ronald A. Fisher

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12
Q

Who, in their groundbreaking 1918 paper, introduced the concept of the inheritance of quantitative traits?

A

R.A. Fisher

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13
Q

Which one of the founders of the modern synthesis of evolution was also a proponent for eugenics?

A

R.A. Fisher

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14
Q

Who found that new plant species can arise through meiotic errors and polyploidy, forming the genetic basis of an alternative mode of speciation called sympatric speciation?

A

G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr.

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15
Q

Which one of the founders of the modern synthesis of evolution authored “Genetics and the Origin of Species” and proposed that mutation is the original source of evolution by natural selection?

A

Theodosius Dobzhansky

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16
Q

Which scientist integrated biology into a unifying and coherent science with evolution as the common thread in all disciplines?

A

Ernst Mayr

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17
Q

Who proposed the “biological species concept”, which defined species as groups of organisms that are able to interbreed naturally to produce viable and fertile offspring of both sexes?

A

Ernst Mayr

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18
Q

Who authored “The Evolutionary Synthesis”?

A

Ernst Mayr

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19
Q

Which scientists are credited with being the driving forces behind the modern synthesis of evolution?

A

Fisher, Stebbins, Dobzhansky, and Mayr

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20
Q

Who studied the nuclear material nuclein from 1885-1901 and identified the four nitrogenous bases that make up the major part of DNA and the base unique to RNA?

A

Albrecht Kossel

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21
Q

Although their work was not recognized by the scientific community at the time, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize in 1910 for their seminal work in identifying the nitrogenous bases?

A

Albrecht Kossel

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22
Q

Who identified the monosaccharide deoxyribose as part of nucleic acid?

A

Phoebus Levene

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23
Q

In 1919, _______ concluded that DNA is a long chain polynucleotide made of individual mononucleotides with three major components: phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases?

A

Phoebus Levene

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24
Q

Who erroneously proposed the “tetranucleotide” hypothesis by postulating that DNA contains an equal proportion of the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Phoebus Levene

25
Q

Which English microbiologist studied two distinctly different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Frederick Griffith

26
Q

Who coined the term “transforming principle” in 1928?

A

Frederick Griffith

27
Q

In regards to Griffith’s “transforming principle,” which two scientists showed that the transformation could be done without the use of mice and reproduced Griffith’s transformation experiment entirely in a test tube?

A

Michael Dawson and Richard Sia from Columbia University

28
Q

In his effort to develop a treatment for pneumonia, ________ studied the chemical composition of the Pneumococcus bacterium that causes the disease.

A

Oswald Avery

29
Q

Who thought that it was the carbohydrates in a bacterial capsule that caused the patients body to have an immune response and produce antibodies against the bacteria?

A

Oswald Avery

30
Q

Whose 1933 publication hypothesized that the polysaccharides in bacterial capsules were the actual antigens stimulating the production of antibodies in infected patients?

A

Oswald Avery

31
Q

In 1944, which three scientists described the purified transforming principle as a “viscous and slightly cloudy solution that formed fibrous strands when mixed with ethanol” (all the characteristics associated with DNA)?

A

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty

32
Q

Avery’s findings were not accepted until 1952 when ______ and his assistant ________ designed an elaborate experiment using a virus bacteriophage to study which molecule is transmitted from the virus to the bacterium?

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

33
Q

Although their 1952 publication did not conclusively state that DNA is indeed the genetic material, who was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize for their work?

A

Alfred Hershey along with two other scientists

34
Q

Who developed a technique called paper chromatography to separate and quantify different organic molecules based on their distinct chemical properties and size?

A

Edwin Chargaff

35
Q

Which scientist began to compare the composition of DNA from a variety of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the 1940’s?

A

Edwin Chargaff

36
Q

Chargaff’s results were not consistent with the “tetranucleotide” structure of DNA as proposed by _________.

A

Phoebus Levene

37
Q

Who noticed the A-T/G-C pairing relationship within the DNA molcule? What would this relationship later be known as?

A

Edwin Chargaff; Chargaff’s rule

38
Q

Which scientist was hired by an institute to improve a technique called X-ray crystallography?

A

Rosalind Franklin

39
Q

Who was able to isolate the DNA crystal to produce a three-dimensional, double-stranded, twisted-latter image of the DNA molecule?

A

Rosalind Franklin

40
Q

Who proposed the famous double helix model of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

41
Q

In 1952, Franklin’s colleague _________ published a paper on their X-ray data in the same issue of “Nature” that featured Watson and Crick’s paper on the structure of DNA.

A

Maurice Wilkins

42
Q

For their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acid and its significance for information transfer in living material, the 1962 Nobel Prize was awarded jointly to…

A

Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins

43
Q

Who wrote, in their landmark paper, that the unique pairing pattern of DNA immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material?

A

Watson and Crick

44
Q

Which molecular biologists designed an experiment to study how DNA replicates by tagging the DNA components before they replicated?

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

45
Q

Which scientists used double-radiolabeling techniques to label DNA, using two different nitrogen isotopes (14N, 15N)?

A

Meselson and Stahl

46
Q

Which scientist dubbed the name “nuclein” in 1869?

A

Miescher

47
Q

Which scientists were awarded the 1959 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for working out the biosynthetic pathway of DNA and RNA?

A

Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa

48
Q

Arthur Kornberg’s son, ______ Kornberg, was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for working out the process of transcription.

A

Roger Kornberg

49
Q

Which two scientists, working independently of one another, noticed that RNA not only serves as a genetic code, but also has enzymatic and catalytic activity, earning them the 1989 Nobel Prize?

A

Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman

50
Q

In the 19502, Swiss geneticist ________ was able to isolate some of the enzymes that recognize specific DNA sequences, but the manner in which they cut DNA was rather random.

A

Werner Aber

51
Q

Which scientist described an enzyme, endonuclease R, that cuts DNA at specific sites?

A

Hamilton Smith

52
Q

Which three scientists shared the 1978 Nobel Prize for their work concerning restriction enzymes?

A

Hamilton Smith, Daniel Nathans, and Werner Aber

53
Q

In the 1960s, Taq polymerase was discovered from the thermophilic bacteria that thrive in hotsprings by_______?

A

Thomas Brock

54
Q

Who received the 1993 Nobel Prize for conceiving an efficient method for copying DNA called polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

A

Kary Mullis

55
Q

Which scientist was a pigeon breeder?

A

Charles Darwin

56
Q

Who received his second Nobel Prize in 1980 for developing techniques to sequence DNA?

A

Frederick Sanger

57
Q

Who was appointed to direct the newly formed National Center for Human Genome Research in 1989?

A

James Watson

58
Q

Who was the founder of Celera Genomics?

A

J. Craig Venter

59
Q

________, who directed the sequencing of the cystic fibrosis gene in 1999 replaced Watson as head of the HGP?

A

Francis Collins

AcDec-Science (8 decks)

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