Section 3: Enforcing Lutheranism Flashcards
1
Q
arguments for Luther being conservative
A
- rejection of radicalism
- Followed St Augstine
- Influenced by St Paul
2
Q
arguments for luther being revolutionary
A
- manipulated and nitpicked scripture (e.g. added phrase ‘alone’
- way of translating the bible was creative, and wordy
- obviously had a radical attack on the church
3
Q
why was there a need for lutheranism to develop in the 1520s?
A
- the extremist crisis of the early 1520s called for emergency measures
- people needed to be put right on Luther’s key teachings
4
Q
how did lutheranism develop on the 1520s?
A
- reforms were introduced in a rather haphazard way, not very well thought through meaning they often failed
- no central coordination from Wittenberg, secular rules in other states and cities used their own initiative
- there was therefore a lot of diversity in the lutheran churches
5
Q
What does luthers contribution continue to mainly be in the 1520s?
A
Mainly writing:
- primary message was getting is message across accruarley
- provided a german bible and the Great Catechism for those who could read
- For the illiterate he wrote hams, commissioned didactic woodcuts, produced a Short Catechism that could be preached
- For both wrote a ew liturgy - the german mass - putting the sermon at the heart of the service
6
Q
the doctrine of the real presence
A
- luther took the Gosepel literally and believed there was a ‘real presence’ in the bread and wine at the Eucharist
- This was disputed by more radical reformers like Zwingli and Calvin who believed it was symbolic
- Luther found this aspect of belief quite hard to explain and to some extent his teaching on this was not very clear
7
Q
the doctrine of real presence: Marburg controversy
A
- By 1529, the catholic threat to the movement looked serious - it made sense for Luther to ally with the Zwingli based in Zurich. Reform would then have strength in numbers
- Philip of Hesse arranged a discussion meeting of Zwinglian and Lutheran theologians at his castle in Marburg, with both leading their teams
- The two sides agreed on 14/15 points of discussion. On the Eucharist however, no agreement could be found
8
Q
Luthers translation of the bible - new testament
A
1522
- Complted the new testament whilst hidden in Wartburg castle.
- This was smuggled out + illustrated by Lucas Cranach and printed as the september testament
- 200,000 copies were sold over the next 12 years
9
Q
Luthers translation of the bible - old testament
A
- Completed in 1534
- once of the most important texts of the day - the Wittenberg press alone printed 100,000 copies between 1534-1600
- he went to huge lengths to get it right. Spending days sometimes on one phrase.
- He wanted to make it accessible to everyone and written in simple, accessible lang.
10
Q
Quote showing how Luther translated the bible
A
’ i aimed to make Moses so German that no one would suspect he was a Jew’
- came with controversy, he didn’t want a dull, literal translation
11
Q
Justification by faith alone and the translation of the Bible
A
- Had particular difficulty with two contradictory phrases in the New testament, resolving them was crucial if his key doctrine (sola fide) was to have scriptural authority
- He manipulated the first text, by adding the word ‘alone’ to St Pauls words
- He publicly condemned the St James letter which read ‘faith if it hath not works, is dead’ as Jewish in character
12
Q
How did people react to his manipulation of scripture to prove justification of faith alone?
A
- It was spotted by catholic opponents, yet Luther did not care
- However, he wrote a lengthly defence of his addition in 1530 for he sake of the concerned protestants, saying he felt the variation needed it
13
Q
Luther and Hymns
A
- published his first collection of hymns in 1524
- his love for music came from his mother. he saw it as an opportunity to communicate with the illiterate
- He took folk songs he heard peasants singing in the fields and replaced the lyrics with christian teachings
14
Q
The German mass
A
- Took a conservative approach:
- He issued broad guidelines in 1523 ‘concerning the order of public worship’ but only wrote the definitive German liturgy in 1526
- His Deutsche Mase set the semon at the heart of the service, rather than the Eucharist
- ## Other than this, a Lutheran mass would have been v similar to a catholic one.-He even allowed churches to retain unimportant catholic details if their congregation was conserbative. This meant there was considerable diversity in Lutheran churches
> e.g. in 1536 a visting pastor from Augsburg was shocked to see singing in latin and the elevation of bread in the Lutehranservice in Eisenach Saxony
15
Q
Why did Luthers views on the eucharist cause beef
A
- caused controversy. he believed in consubstantiation
- his views seemed too catholic by many ‘left- wing’ reformers who thought it was purely symbolic/ memorable
- division weakened the reformers movement. I.e. Zwinglianism
