Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

mac science > section 3: Energy > Flashcards

section 3: Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Energy?

A

The ability to change or move matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A

Kinetic energy (KE) and Potential energy (PE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of potential energy?

A

Gravitational PE and chemical PE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion or movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gravitational PE

A

Stored as the result of opposing a gravitational force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemical PE

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Moving energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics: Law of Conservation of Energy

A
  • in a system energy cannot be created or destroyed (energy can be transferred and transformed but cant just disappear)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

A
  • the entropy of the universe is increasing in any interaction
    B) PE initial > PE final (true in any interaction)
  • universe prefers to go downhill (spread out)
    -energy flows in one direction, not cyclical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is entropy?

A

measure of disorder/ randomness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3rd Law of Thermodynamics:

A
  • absolute zero is unattainable

a) at 0 K entropy is at its minimum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is absolute zero unattainable?

A

it is not possible to reach absolute zero in a finite # of steps, therefore impossible to reach absolute zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:

A
  • if two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other
    a) if A=B and B=C, then A=C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Temperature?

A

It is the measure of the average KE of all the particles of an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Celsius:

A

(°C) based on the boiling point (100) and freezing point (0) of water
-variable: t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fahrenheit:

A

(°F) based on the freezing point of a concentrated salt water solution
-variable: TF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kelvin:

A

(K) based on absolute zero

-variable: T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ºC ——> K (t —-> T)

A

T=t+273

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

K ——> ºC (T —-> t)

A

t=T-273

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Heat:

A

the energy transferred b/w objects b/c of a difference in temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thermal energy: energy in transfer

A

the sum of the KE and PE of the particles in an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Joule (J)

A

The derived unit for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Joule

A

kg * m^2 / s^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Energy transfer as heat can occur in 3 ways…

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Convection
  3. Radiation
26
Q

Conduction

A

the transfer of energy as heat b/w particles as they collide within a substance or
b/w two objects in contact

27
Q

Convection:

A

The transfer of energy by the movement of fluids (liquid + gas) with different temperatures

28
Q

Convection currents:

A

the flow of a fluid due to heated expansion followed by cooling + contraction

29
Q

Radiation:

A

the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves (ex. sand on a beach heated bc of the sun)
A) does not require physical contact

30
Q

Conductor:

A

A material through which energy can be easily transferred as heat

  • solids are better conductors than gases b/c they are more dense
  • metals are better conductors than nonmetals
31
Q

Insulator:

A

A material that is a poor energy conductor

  1. Slow the transfer of energy as heat
  2. Wood and air are good insulators
32
Q

What are R values?

A

R values indicate resistance to heat flow

33
Q

If an R value is a high # then…

A

It is a better insulator

34
Q

Data table:

A

info. displayed in organized rows and columns

35
Q

Graphs:

A

Visual displays of info. or data

36
Q

All graphs must be titled with a ______

A

Graph # and concise description

37
Q

Bar graphs;

A

Used to show comparisons- 1 variable between several named categories

38
Q

Line graphs:

A

Used to show trends or continuous change

39
Q

extrapolation

A

method used to approximate values that are beyond data points on the graph

40
Q

Interpolation

A

Method used to approximate values between data points on the graph

41
Q

Circle graph

A

Used to show a fixed quantity broken into parts

42
Q

Mechanical energy (ME)

A

The sum of the PE and KE of a system

43
Q

Thermal energy

A

The sum of the PE and KE of an object/ substance

44
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of energy (transferred as heat) required to raise the temp. of 1 kg of substance by 1 K

45
Q

Specific heat is ____

A

Constant to each substance

46
Q

Thermal energy equation:

A

Q= c * m * change t

47
Q

Kinetic theory of matter

A

All matter is made up of tiny particles in random motion

48
Q

Solids:

A
  • definite shape/ vol.
  • enough KE to vibrate but not move out of position
  • arranged in crystals (repeating geometric pattern)
49
Q

Amorphous solids

A

Solid w/o true crystal structure (ex. Glass)

50
Q

Liquids:

A
  • definite vol. + indefinite shape

- enough KE to vibrate over and around e/o but particles are still close together

51
Q

Gases:

A
  • indefinite shape/ vol.
  • can expand or shrink to fit container
  • particles have enough energy to separate from e/o
52
Q

Plasma:

A
  • a gas like mixture of positive/negatively charged particles
  • so hot that the electrons are stripped away from from the nucleus of the atom
  • most common form of matter in the universe (sun)
  • enough KE to collide violently with e/o causing them to break into smaller charged particles
53
Q

Thermal expansion

A

Most matter expands when it gets hotter and contracts when it cools

54
Q

Vaporization

A

Liquid to gas AT boiling point

55
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid to gas BELOW the boiling point

56
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid to gas skipping over liquid (ex. Dry ice)

57
Q

Deposition

A

Gas to solid skipping over liquid (ex. Frost on a window)

58
Q

State changes occur when _____

A

The particles of the substance absorb/release a certain amount of energy

59
Q

Heat of fusion

A

the amount of energy needed to change a material from the solid state to a liquid state

60
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

The amount of energy needed to change a material from a liquid state to a gas

mac science (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions