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lifeguarding > section 3: CPR, AED and first aid > Flashcards

section 3: CPR, AED and first aid Flashcards

1
Q

ABC

A

airway
breathing
circulation

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2
Q

priorities when treating a casulty

A 
emergency CPR
management of choking
control of life-threatening bleeding
care of the unconscious breathing casulty
treatment for shock
medical attention
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3
Q

chain of survival in life support

A

early recognition
early CPR
early defibrillation
post resuscitation care

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4
Q

early recognition

A

implement your EAP, call for help and allert the emergency services ( particularly an ambulance) ASAP

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5
Q

early CPR

A

when the heart stops beating or there is no normal breathing, start cpr

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6
Q

post-resuctation care

A

includes various medical and paramedical procedures such as injecting drugs into a vein

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7
Q

how to turn a casulty onto back.

A

turn head away. only keep arm closest to you up to protect head. put other arm down. roll over the casualty.

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8
Q

managing regurgitation of stomach contents

A

turn casualty away rom you, resting them on your knees. clear any debris. continue CPR

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9
Q

recovery position

A 
with any normally breathing casulty
ask if they are alright 
check for breathing
arm at right angle
hand on face
arm down and roll
leg for support 
tilt head
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10
Q

what is asphyxia

A

suffocation when the body is deprived of oxygen

causes could be tongue, strangulation, drowning

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11
Q

cardiac arrest

A

theres no circulation of blood so if abnormal breathing perform cpr

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12
Q

airway management

A

head tilt and chin lift

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13
Q

sequence of CPR

A 
are you alright and shake shoulders
head tilt and chin lift 
listen for breathing (look, listen and feel)
put on pocket mask
give 30 chest compressions
give 2 rescue breaths
repeat until AED
continue CPR
dont stop until casulty is fully awake, youre exhausted or a health professional tells you to. 
put casulty in CPR
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14
Q

changes to CPR if they are drowning, a child, or infant

A

give 5 rescue breaths before starting CPR. then continue as normal. (this is inbetween putting on pocket mask and giving chest compressions

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15
Q

priorities of first aid!!

A

preserve life
alleviate suffering
prevent the situation from getting worse
promote casulty recovery

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16
Q

NOP relevant content to employer about first aid supplies and training

A

info on first aiders and their training
equipment (location, checking, stock control)
eye wash stations (locations)
sharps kit
links with emergency services
location of accident forms (who does it, location, recording, importance of accurate information,

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17
Q

NOP relevant content to lifeguard about first aid supplies and training

A

follow training
inform designated officer what you used and what needs to be replaced
use any ppe equipment available
fill out an accident/incident form.

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18
Q

contents of a first aid box 5

A 
guidance leaflet
contents list
safety pins
adhesive sterile dressings
foil blanket
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19
Q

when would you wear gloves

A

anytime they are available

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20
Q

needles and sharps box

A

arrangements detailed in the PSOP

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21
Q

history

A

what happened. ask casulty and bystanders

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22
Q

symptoms

A

what the casulty tells you

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23
Q

signs

A

what you can see, hear or feel

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24
Q

applying first aid treatment

A

treat casulties with the most life threatening injuries firsrt. treat worst case scenario

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25
Q

consent to give first aid

A

wherever possible, always ask permission of casulty.

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26
Q

casulty management

A

primary survey and secondary survey

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27
Q

primary survery

A

DRABC

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28
Q

secondary survey

A

determing background to injury, asessing mechanics, looking for signs and determining symptoms. will be on NOP/EAP

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29
Q

unconscious casualty treatment

A

unable to give symptoms.
complete primary survey and CPR if needed
call 999
treat any major bleeding and remove or treat any obvious cause
loosen clothing
protect them from cold and wet conditions
recovery position
monitor conscious state and breathing
record any changes in condition every 10 mins

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30
Q

heart attack symptoms

A

dizziness, nausea
feeling of impending doom
rapid, weak or irregular pulse

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31
Q

heart attack signs

A

pale grey skin,
clutching chest
blue tinge to skin and lips

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32
Q

heart attack treatment

A 
call 999
assist the casulty to sit comfortably
loosen clothing
ask casulty if they have medication
reassure them
remove any causes of stress or anxiety
monitor and perform CPR if they stop breathing
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33
Q

when is the only time you give medication

A

one 300mg asprin (crushed to chew) to those who have just had a heart attack

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34
Q

shock symptoms

A

dizziness
confusion
disorientation

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35
Q

shock signs

A

pale, cold, clammy skin
blueness of lips and extremities
unconsciousness

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36
Q

shock treatment

A 
assist them to lie down
loosen clothing
treat cauase of shock
reassure them
keep them warm  to prevent heat loss
monitor 
no food or drink
call 999
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37
Q

asthma attack symptoms

A

breathing difficulties

wheezing

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38
Q

asthma attack signs

A

anxiety
difficulty speaking
pale and clammy grey or blue lips

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39
Q

asthma attack treatment

A 
reassure them
sit them comfortably
encourage them to use inhaler
should be used again if attack doesnt ease
do not go into cold air
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40
Q

anaphylaxis signs

A

swollem tongue
hoarse voice
difficulty swallowing

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41
Q

anaphylaxis symptoms

A

swelling of hands, feet, face or skin
red itchy skin
feeling of terror

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42
Q

anaphylaxis treatment

A

ask for their auto injector
self administer
call 999
if they feel faint lie them down with legs up
a second dose should be administered if there is no improvement in 5-10 minutes
give CPR if irregular breathing

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43
Q

checking medication

A

is it damaged
is it in date
is it correct and prescribed

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44
Q

EpiPen

A

swing from 10cm away and stab thigh

hold for 3 seconds

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45
Q

Jext

A

push into thigh

hold for 10 seconds

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46
Q

Emerade

A

push into thigh

hold for 5 seconds

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47
Q

hyperventilation symptoms

A

dizziness or feeling faint
panic
tight chest

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48
Q

hyperventilation signs

A

unnaturally fast

flushed skin

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49
Q

hyperventilation treatment

A 
take to quiet area
reassure
encourage them to take slow breaths
give small sips of water
call 999 if prolonged
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50
Q

A child is

A

Up to the age of puberty

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51
Q

An infant js

A

First year of life

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52
Q

For child CPR what must you remember

A

To do 5 rescue breaths first and to use one hand

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53
Q

For infants what must you remember

A

To do 5 rescue breaths first and use 2 fingers or one hand

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54
Q

How deep do you do CPR

A

1/3 of the chest depth

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55
Q

In infants and children they might not be able to breathe if

A

Inhalation of stomach contents, regurgitation, foreign body.
Drowning
Infection
Injuries

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56
Q

What do you ask after assessing a non breathing non responsive casulty

A

I have a non breathing, non responsive casulty. Can you call an ambulance, get me a defib and I’m going to start CPR

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57
Q

What is drowning

A

Suffocation from drowning

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58
Q

How long can water entering the lungs have damage

A

72 hours

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59
Q

If you are on your own

A

If adult, get help straight away.

If child or infant, give CPR for one minute then get for help

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60
Q

Problems with CPR

A 
Tracheostomies 
Regurgitation
Air in stomach
Broken ribs
Chest doesn't rise
Fluid in airway
CPR in confined spaces
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61
Q

Tracheostomies

A

A tube with a cover inserted in someone’s neck,

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62
Q

How to carry out rescue breaths on someone with a tracheostomy

A

Remove stoma cover
Wipe any mucus
Close casulty mouth and nose
Blow through opening in neck using face masks plastic

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63
Q

Air in stomach

A

Head tilt and chin lift

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64
Q

If chest does not rise during CPR

A

Recheck for any visible obstruction
Recheck head tilt and chin lift
Do not attempt more than 2 breaths

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65
Q

Fluid in airway

A

Continue

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66
Q

Confined spaces

A

From the casultys head

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67
Q

Mouth to nose

A

When mouth seal can’t be formed

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68
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood trickles out. Small cuts and grazes

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69
Q

Veins

A

Blood oozes out

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70
Q

Arteries

A

Blood spurts out, a severed artery can lead to significant and rapid blood loss leading to shock and death

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71
Q

Where do you apply dressings

A

Straight onto wound. If bleeding is controlled, then clean the wound and surrounding skin first.

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72
Q

What happens when something is sticking out of a wound

A

Never remove it. Apply pressure around it.

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73
Q

What do triangle bandages do

A

Make a sling, hold other bandages in place, peocide support and restrict movement

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74
Q

Types of wound and appearance

A 
Bruise
Graze
Clean cut or slice
Tear or rip
Stabbing
Gun shot
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75
Q

Small cut treatmebt

A

Irrigate with water

Dry with sterile dressing

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76
Q

Graze treatment

A

Irrigate with clean water

Dry wound with a sterile dressing and apply an adhesive plaster or sterile dressing

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77
Q

Bruise treatment

A

Use an ice pack wrapped in a clean cloth or triangme bandage

Apply ice pack for 10 mins

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78
Q

External bleeding symptom

A

Pain
Shock
Thirst
Weak but rapid pulse

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79
Q

External bleeding signs

A

Quick examination. Squeeze feet

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80
Q

External bleeding treatment

A

Protective gloves
Lay or sit casulty in comfortable position
Call 999
Examine wound and check for objects
Apply direct pressure using sterile dressing
Treat for shock

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81
Q

When would you remove an object in someons

A

Only if it’s a splinter

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82
Q

Internal bleeding signs and symptoms

A

Skin pale

Confusion, restlessness, bruising, shock, thirst, weak but rapid pulse

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83
Q

Internal bleeding treatment

A

Call 999
Lie them down
Treat for shock

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84
Q

Varicose vein bleeding

A

They have a one way valve to stop backflow. Blood may collect and spurt our alarmingly.

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85
Q

Varicose vein bleeding treatment

A

Direct pressure should be applied for 10 mins

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86
Q

Amputation symptoms and signs and treatment

A

As for bleeding

87
Q

Bleeding from the nsor symptoms

A

Dizziness
Weakness
Confusion
Feeling faint

88
Q

Bleeding from the nose treatment

A

Sit them down with head tilted forward
Ask them to breathe through mouth
Apply pressure by squeezing with tissues.
Ask them not to speak, swallow cough or sniff. Apply pressure for 10 mins at a time
If bleeding lasts for longer than 30 mins call 999

89
Q

Splinters symptoms

A

Minor pain or irritation

90
Q

Splinter treatment

A

Wear glovrs
Clean surrounding area
Use tweezers to remove splinter as close to the skin as possible. Pull splinter in the same direction as it entered the skin. Let bleed slightly. Cover with dressing

91
Q

Causes of burns

A 
Dry heat
Wet heat
Chemical heat
Electrical heat
Sunburn
92
Q

Burn symptoms

A

Pain in area of the burn

Shock

93
Q

Burn signs

A

Blistering
Swelling
Redness

94
Q

Burn treatment

A 
Flood stre with cool water for 10 mins
Don't remove clothing
Remove jewellery
Apply a non adhesive sterile dressimg and loosely applied cling film
Treat for shock.
95
Q

How long do you run CHEMICAL burns with cold water

A

20 mins

96
Q

When do you call 999 with burns

A

If they are a child, it’s severe, fumes have been inhaled, electrical burn.

97
Q

Superficual burns

A

Outer layer of skin burnt. Tender and swelling

98
Q

Partial thickness burn

A

Outer layer and epidermis

99
Q

Full thickness burn

A

All layers of skin burnt. May look charred or waxyt

100
Q

Severe burns are

A

Deep
Located on feet, hands, face, genitald or extends around a limb.
Size
Cause (chemical or electrical)

101
Q

Sunburn signs

A

Redness
Blisters
Burn

102
Q

Sunburn symptoms

A

Itching
Pain
Dizzy

103
Q

Treatment for sunburn

A

Shade, water, cool burn.

104
Q

Electric shock results in

A

Unconsciousness
Spasm of respiratory muscles so that breathing stops
Cardiac arrest
Burns at entry and exit points

105
Q

Symptoms of electric shock

A

Pain

Symptoms of shock

106
Q

Signs of electric shock

A

See casulty jolt or shake
Burns
Signs of shock
Unconsciousness

107
Q

Electric shock treatment

A

Turn off mains supply
Do not touch casulty with anything metal or wet until power is isolated then call 999 then primary surgery then treat burns then treat for shock then recovery position

108
Q

Types of fracture

A

Open
Closed
Complicated
Greenstick

109
Q

Open fracture

A

Exposed wound leads down to a fracture or the ends of a broken bone might stick out through the skin

110
Q

Closed fracture

A

Brusinf, swelling and deformity

111
Q

Complicated fracture

A

Injury to major blood vessels, brain, lungs, nerves, liver, joints or other parts of body

112
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Easily confused with sprain or strain with children

113
Q

Symptoms of fractures

A

Severe pain

Hard to move and generally painful

114
Q

Signs of fracture

A

Cracking
Bleeding
Swelling and deformity

115
Q

Treatment for fracture

A

Keep casulty in same position.
Support upper limbs by sling.
Support lower limbs with blankets.
Cover any exposed wound with sterile dressing. If open fracture then apply a dressing with no direct pressure

116
Q

What does an elevation sling do

A

Support the arm and hand on raised positio to minimise swelling. Also works in shoulder injuries.

117
Q

What does a support sling do

A

Supports an injured arm, wrist or ribs. Only for casulties who can bend their elbow

118
Q

Chest injury signs

A

Open wound you may hear air
Blue grey skin colour
Frothy coughed up blood
Bubbling blood from wound

119
Q

Chest injury symptoms

A

Difficult and painful breathing

Severe and acute pain

120
Q

Chest injury treatment

A

Call 999, sit them comfortably, never cover, direct pressure, if they become unconscious out then in recovery position. If irregular breathing then start CPR

121
Q

Flail chest symptoms

A

Painful shallowing breathing

122
Q

Flail chest signs

A

Paradoxical chest movement

123
Q

Flail chest treatment

A

Call 999
Sit them in comfortably
Support arm on injured side to help keep weight off. If unconscious, recovery position. If irregular breathing, CPR.

124
Q

dislocation symptoms

A

nausea due to pain can lead to shock

125
Q

dislocation signs

A

reluctant to move joint due to pain.

deformity

126
Q

dislocation treatment

A 
allow casulty to find comfortable position for themselves
support injured limb
dont try to relocate joint
call 999
dont allow casulty to eat or drink
127
Q

sprains

A

where ligaments have been wrenched

128
Q

strains

A

where muscles have been overstretched

129
Q

signs of sprains

A

swelling
bruising
discolouration

130
Q

signs of strains

A

swelling

cramp

131
Q

symptoms of sprains

A

complaints of pain

132
Q

symptoms of strains

A

localised but intense pain at site of injury

133
Q

treatment for sprains and strains

A 
RICE
Rest
Ice
Comfortable position
Elevation
134
Q

cramp symptoms

A

swimmer cannot relac muscle

pain

135
Q

cramp signs

A

muscle feels hard and tight

136
Q

treatment for cramp

A

support casualty as appropriate
stretch muscle carefully and gently by straightening
massaging
rest

137
Q

Head injuries

A

Concussion
Compression
Skull fracture

138
Q

Symptoms of head injuries

A

Dizziness
Confusion
Nausea
Headache

139
Q

Signs of head injuries

A

Changes in skin colour
Blood in white of eye
Bleeding, swelling, brusing

140
Q

Treatment for head injuries

A

Call 999
If conscious, help them to lie down and keep head, neck and body in line in case of neck injury
Look for other injuries
If unconscious, recovery position

141
Q

symptoms of Eye Injuries

A

Itchy
Pain
Impaired vision

142
Q

Signs of eye injuries

A

Eye may water
Redness and swelling
Inability to open eye

143
Q

Treatment of eye injuries

A 
DO NOT REMOVE OBJECTS
Advkde casualty not to rub the eye
Gently separate eye and eyelid
Examine
Wash with sterile solution or tap water.
If this doesn't work, apt eye pad and tell casualty to keep eyes shut to keep it still
Get medical help
144
Q

What if the eye injury is chemical

A

Run under cool water until ambulance

145
Q

Symptoms of dental injuries

A

Pain

Difficulty speaking

146
Q

Signs of dental injuries

A

Bleeding
Swelling
Damage to teeth

147
Q

Treatment for broken tooth dental injuries

A 
Retrieve any broken parts
Casulty to rinse mouth
Apply cold pack
Check for other injuries
Seek dental attention
148
Q

Treatment for knocked out tooh dental injuries

A

Ask casualty to place tooth back. Seek dental attention. If bleeding ask them to bite on a sterile pad and maintain pressure

149
Q

Fainting causes

A

Injury
Illness
Fatigue
Long periods of standing or hot stuffy

150
Q

Symptoms of fainting

A

Nausea
Blurred vision
Stomach ache

151
Q

Signs of fainting

A

Casualty may yasn of sway unsteadily
Pe
Sweat
Cold, clammy skin

152
Q

Fainting treatment

A 
Reassurance
Deep sloe breaths
Lay down and raise legs
Loosen tight clothes
Ask bystanders to leave
When they faint:
Lay down and raise legs
Check breathing and recovery position
153
Q

Stroke symptoms and signs

A 
FACE
Face
Arms (raise?)
Speech
Time
154
Q

Stroke treatment

A

Call 999
Lay them down with head and shoulders raised
Reassure and don’t bombard with questions
Monitor
If unconscious, recovery position

155
Q

Poisoning causes

A

Through mouth, nose, skin, eyes.

Drugs, alcohol, release of chemicals or gases

156
Q

Symptoms of poisoning

A

Dizzy
Nausea
Confusion

157
Q

Signs of poisoning

A

Evidence
Vomiting
Pale skin

158
Q

Treatment for poisoning

A 
Move them to safe place
Remove cause
NEVER INDUCE VOMITING
Treat injuries
If unconscious, recovery position.
If non breathing,  CPR
159
Q

Gas chemical leak poisoning

A

Call 999

160
Q

Closed space

A

Ventilation

161
Q

What should you keep about poisoning

A

What they took
Container label
Material safety data sheet

162
Q

Insect bites signs

A

Swelling

163
Q

Insect bites symptoms

A

Pain

164
Q

Insect bites treatment

A

Remove sting by brushing with credit card

Cold compress

165
Q

Diabetic emergency types

A

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycaemia

166
Q

Hyperglycaemia signs

A

Call 999 but casualty should monitor themself

167
Q

Hypoglycemia signs

A

Pale skin
Shallow breathing
Could be mistaken for being drunk

168
Q

Hypoglycemia symptoms

A

Rapid pulse
Confusion
Trembling

169
Q

Treatmrnt for hypoglycemia

A

Sugary drinks or sugar

If no response call 999

170
Q

Signs of seizures

A

Casualty may collapse
Muscles stiffen and adcged back
Eyes roll
Teeth may clench

171
Q

Treatment for seizures

A

Keep face clear of water
If possible support casualty in shallow water.
Reassure
Be prepared to start CPR.
If out of water, support head and loosen clothings
Then allow them to rest

172
Q

When should you call 999 with seizures

A 
Longer than 5 mins
Multiple  seizures
Injured
First ever seizure
Lasts longer than normal for the person
173
Q

Absence seizurez

A

Small seizures common in children

174
Q

Symptoms and signs of absence seizures

A

Twitching, plucking at clothes, swallowing repeatedly, appearing dazed

175
Q

Treatment for absence seizures

A

Support with head above water
Guide away from pool
Reassure
Lie them down in quiet place

176
Q

Heat exhaustion symptoms

A

Nausea
Loss of appetite
Headaches

177
Q

Heat exhaustion signs

A

Sweating

Pale clammy skin

178
Q

Heat exhaustion treatment

A 
Move them to cool place
Sips of water
Lie them down and raise their legs
If unconscious, recovery position
Call 999
179
Q

Hypothermia signs

A

Shivering
Changds in behaviour
Confusion
Pale cold skin

180
Q

Hypothermia symptoms

A

Cold
Slow pulse
Tired

181
Q

Hypothermia treatment

A 
Emergency services
Handle gently
Warm place
Remove wt clothing
Sit comfortably
182
Q

What do you identify for on a secondary survey

A

History, symptoms, signs

183
Q

How do you check in a secondary survery

A

Use your senses

Look, listen, feel , smell

184
Q

What do you ask before a secondary survey

A

Ask permission

Do you have any pain? Where?

185
Q

What should you do before a secondary survey

A 
Gloves
Protect privacy of casualty
Don't move casualty more than necessary
Check about medical conditions
Check about medications taken
186
Q

If you have to remove clothing what should you do

A

Go to a private room

Have the first aider of the same sex

187
Q

What should you check for in the secondary survey

A 
Bleeding
Brusinf
Swelling
Protuding bones
Deformity
Casulty reaction
Pain
188
Q

Page 235!

A

.

189
Q

If defibrillation is delivered promptly what is the survival rate

A

75%

190
Q

The chance of successful defibrillation declines at a rate if

A

10% with each minute of delay

191
Q

When will an AED stop shocking

A

When it detects a regular heart rhythm

192
Q

When do you start using an AED

A

Whenever it arrives, no matter place on CPR.

193
Q

What do you do if the pads will touch on a person recieving defibrillation

A

Put one on the back and one on the front

194
Q

How to perform defibrillation

A

Follow voice prompts
Attach electrode pads
Ensure no one is touching casualty
After shock is delivered and causalty is not breathing, immediately continue CPR until voice prompts tell you to stop to deliver another shock
Continue until casualty is awake and moving

195
Q

What happens if pads don’t stick property

A

You may need to wipe dry the chest, shave it, remove metal jewelry or plasters I contact with pads. Removee oxygen mask

196
Q

What can a food blockage lead to

A

Muscle spasm in larynx

197
Q

Signs and symptoms of choking

A

May have been eating
Gripping throat
May become unconscious

198
Q

Mild airway obstruction

A

Will be able to speak, cough and breathe but be distressed

199
Q

Severe obstruction

A

Causalty unable to speak, have a weakening cough, be struggling to breathe and may have a blue face

200
Q

Treatment for mild adult choking

A

Ask them to cough if they continue to be choked then do treatment for severe choking

201
Q

Treatment for severe adult choking

A

5 sharp back blows whilst casualty leans forward

If this fails, 5 abodnimal thrusts

202
Q

If loss of consciousness when choking

A

Start CPR

203
Q

Choking treatment for baby

A

5 sharp back blows whilst resting baby on knee. 5 abodnimal thrusts by using 2 fingers as chest compressions on knee

204
Q

Choking treatment for child

A

5 sharp back blows. 5 small abdominal thrusts by crouching over child and performing the thrust against torso

205
Q

Defib

A

.

206
Q

Head secondary survey

A 
Fluid from ears or nose
Indentations/softness
Pupil dilation
Colour of skin
Clamminess
207
Q

Mouth

secondary survey

A

Obstruction
Vomit
Tongue laceration
Teeth dentures

208
Q

Neck

secondary survey

A

Medic alert

Pulse

209
Q

Chest

secondary survey

A

Rise and fall with breathing

210
Q

Arms secondary survey

A

Medic alert bracelet
Needle marks
Movement without pain

211
Q

Abdomen secondary survey

A

Rigidity

Tenderness

212
Q

Pelvis secondary survey

A

Incontinence

213
Q

Legs and feet secondary survey

A

Movement without pain. Squeeze feet

214
Q

what should be stored with an AED

A 
small towel or face flannel
razor
pocket mask
protective gloves
scissors
batteries
spare and paediatric pads

lifeguarding (3 decks)

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