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Psych 351D > Section 3: Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Section 3: Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a biorhythm?

A

The inherent timing mechanism that controls or initiates various biological processes.

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2
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Daily

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3
Q

Circannual rhythm

A

Yearly

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4
Q

Infradian rhythm

A

Less than a year

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5
Q

Ultraradian rhythm

A

Less than a day

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6
Q

A rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues

A

Free-Running Rhythms

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7
Q

How long is a period of human’s free-running rhythm?

A

25-27 hours

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8
Q

How much does the human sleep-wake cycle shift every day?

A

About an hour or so

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9
Q

If a nocturnal animal is kept in constant darkness, it’s free running periods are _________ than 24 hours

A

Shorter

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10
Q

If a nocturnal animal is kept in constant light, it’s free running periods are _________ than 24 hours

A

Longer

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11
Q

If a diurnal animal is kept in constant darkness, it’s free running periods are _________ than 24 hours

A

Longer

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12
Q

If a diurnal animal is kept in constant light, it’s free running periods are _________ than 24 hours

A

Shorter

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13
Q

An environmental event that entrails biological rhythms (ie. a time setter) are called……

A

Zeitgebers

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14
Q

__________ determines or modifies the period of a biorhythm

A

Entrainment

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15
Q

Which nucleus is the email pacemaker of circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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16
Q

SCN cells increase ___________ __________ during light period, and are more ____________ active

A

Metabolic activity; electrically

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17
Q

True or false: SCN neurons maintain rhythmic activity in the absence of input and output

A

True

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18
Q

True or false: isolated SCN neurons remain rhythmic with all cells having the same rhythm

A

False - isolated SCN neurons remain rhythmic BUT some cells will have different rhythmicity from each other

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19
Q

What is the neural pathway from cones in the retina to the SCN that regulates biological rhythm?

A

Retinohypothalamic pathway

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20
Q

The specialized photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC) of the retinohypothalamic pathway contain the photosensitive pigment ___________

A

Melanopsin

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21
Q

pRCG axons __________ innervate the ___________

A

Bilaterally; SCN

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22
Q

The retinohypothalamic tract innervates _________ cells of the SCN

A

Core

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23
Q

Core neurons entrain _______ neurons of the SCN

A

Shell

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24
Q

Which of the following are rhythmic? Core neurons, shell neurons, or both

A

Shell neurons are rhythmic

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25
Q

What are the two pathways through which non-photic events influence SCN rhythm?

A

Intergeniculate leaflet and raphe nucleus

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26
Q

The m-cell neurons control ______ activity and need ________ for entrainment

A

Morning; light

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27
Q

E-cell neurons control ________ activity and need ________ for entrainment

A

Evening; darkness

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28
Q

Circadian rhythm entails a feed_____ loop in which proteins are first made and then combined into a _________

A

Feedback; dimer

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29
Q

The dimer produced by circadian feedback loops __________ production of it’s component proteins

A

Inhibits

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30
Q

SCN pacemakers drive ______ __________, which control the rhythmic occurrence of one behaviour

A

Slave oscillators

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31
Q

SCN pacemakers drive slave oscillators via _________, ___________, or __________

A

Hormones, proteins, or neurotransmitters

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32
Q

Entraining signals from SCN come via the _____________

A

Hypothalamus

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33
Q

The hypothalamus connect with ___________ ___________ neurons to control hormone release

A

Pituitary endocrine

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34
Q

Draw out pacemaking circadian rhythms pathways

A

Don’t forget

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35
Q

An instrument used to measure electrical activity of the brain and body

A

Polygraph

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36
Q

Used to record brain wave activity

A

Electroencephalogram

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37
Q

Used to record muscle activity

A

Electromyogram

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38
Q

Used to record eye movements

A

Electrooculogram

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39
Q

Small-amplitude waves with a fast frequency, muscle tone, and eye movement

A

Beta rhythm waves

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40
Q

Beta rhythm waves is associated with a ______ state

A

Waking

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41
Q

Large-amplitude and slow frequency waves with muscle tone and closed eyes

A

Alpha rhythm

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42
Q

Alpha rhythm waves are associated with a __________ state

A

Relaxed

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43
Q

EEG waves are increasing with a slower frequency, muscle tone, and no eye movement

A

Theta rhythm

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44
Q

Theta rhythm waves as associated with a ___________ state

A

Drowsy

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45
Q

Slow large EEG waves associated with loss of consciousness, muscle tone and no eye movements

A

Delta rhythm waves

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46
Q

Delta rhythm waves are associated with a ____________ state

A

Sleeping

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47
Q

Fast brain wave pattern displayed by the neocortical EEG record during sleep, with muscle inactivity except for eye movements and twitches

A

REM sleepy

48
Q

Delta rhythm sleep period during which EEG pattern is slow and large and EOG is inactive

A

NREM sleep

49
Q

Stages of a typical night sleep

A

Awake -> non-REM (stage 1->2->3-

>4) -> REM

50
Q

One cycle to REM and back lasts approximately _______ minutes

A

90

51
Q

_____ dominates early sleep periods

A

NREM

52
Q

______ sleep dominates later sleep

A

REM

53
Q

Body temperature is lowest during _________and higher during _________

A

early/NREM; later/REM

54
Q

Phase of sleep associated with decreased body temp, increase in growth hormone release, talking or teeth grinding, and flailing movements

A

NREM sleep

55
Q

Phase of sleep where muscle posture is maintained

A

NREM

56
Q

Phases in which we dream

A

NREM and REM

57
Q

Phase in which we have the most vivid dreams

A

REM

58
Q

Phase of sleep associated with atonia, lack of temperature regulation, and distal twitching

A

REM

59
Q

Which phase of sleep do night terrors occur in?

A

NREM

60
Q

____________ _____________ believed that dreams are a symbolic fulfillment of unconscious wishes

A

Sigmund Freud

61
Q

_____________ content: loosely connected series of bizarre images and actions (Freud)

A

Manifest content

62
Q

________ content: true meaning of the dream (Freud)

A

Latent content

63
Q

Believed that dreams are expressions of memories that have lost connection to consciousness, and allow the dreamer to relive a “collective unconsciousness”

A

Carl Jung

64
Q

Pacemaking produced by the SCN is a product of its ________ cells, which activate slave oscillators via both ________ and ________ connections

A

Shell; chemical; anatomical

65
Q

What dictates optimal times for an activity during the circadian rhythm?

A

The way an activity depends on expenditure of metabolic activity

66
Q

Approximately how much of the genome is under epigenetic control of the circadian rhythm?

A

10 percent

67
Q

What is the purpose of the SCN in control over cognitive activities?

A

It helps cognitive activity to occur in the right time and place, but does not have direct control over cognitive activities themselves

68
Q

What is the effect that accounts for the proportion of an emotional response to an event that occurs independently of the event itself

A

Time of day effect

69
Q

Most dreams are related to…..

A

Recent events and ongoing problems

70
Q

Bottom up approach to dream analysis

A

Says there is no meaning in dreams; the person has a dream and either the dreamer or a dream interpreter analyzes it

71
Q

Top down approach to dream analysis

A

Content of dreams reflect biologically adaptive mechanism; the dreamer makes the dream

72
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams

A

Dreams have no meaning; are formed from the cortex being bombarded with signals from the brain stem, which then generates images, actions, and emotions from personal memory stores

73
Q

Evolutionary hypothesis of dreams

A

Dreams are a coping strategy; dreams are focused on threatening images and therefore adaptive as they lead to enhanced performance in dealing with threatening life events

74
Q

The evolutionary hypothesis of dreams is an extension of the _____ ________ approach to dream interpretation as it contends that people are problem solvers when awake and continue to problem solve when asleep

A

Top-down

75
Q

REM sleep is characterized by eye movements, as recorded by the ________; and waking activity recorded by _________; and waking activity recorded by the ___________

A

EOG; EMG; EEG

76
Q

What makes interpreting dreams so difficult?

A

Interpretation is susceptible to subjective bias

77
Q

Three main contemporary explanations for sleep

A
  1. Sleep is adaptive (ie. it accomplishes something)
  2. Sleep is restorative
  3. Sleep is supportive of memory
78
Q

Lines of evidence (4) for sleep as a biological adaptation as it relates to energy conservation and food gathering (animals sleep when they cannot gather food easily)

A
  1. Predators sleep more than prey
  2. Animals with nutrient rich diet spend less time foraging and more time sleeping
  3. Nocturnal/diurnal animals sleep when they cannot travel easily
  4. Animals gather food at optimum times and sleep the rest of the time
79
Q

Lines of evidence (3) for sleep being a biological adaptation, as it contributes to energy conservation

A
  1. Energy is not being expended
  2. Switching off the brain during sleep - especially NREM - conserves energy
  3. Decreased body temperature decreases the body’s metabolism
80
Q

Reoccurring cycle of temporal packets, during which an animals level of arousal waxes and wanes

A

Basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC)

81
Q

BRAC period in humans

A

90 minutes

82
Q

School classes, work periods, meal times, coffee or snack breaks, NREM and REM periods are all examples of….

A

BRAC

83
Q

The hypothesis for sleep as a restorative process states that…

A

Replenishing chemical events that provide cellular energy

84
Q

Sleep deprivation leads to decreased performance on tasks that require __________

A

Attention

85
Q

Sleep lasting a second or so, which cannot be avoided

A

Micro sleep

86
Q

When you consistently wake people up before they hit REM, it gets __________ to keep depriving them of REM

A

Harder

87
Q

Phenomena wherein subjects who are deprived of sleep spend more time in REM in the first available sleep session

A

REM rebound

88
Q

Antidepressants _________ the time spend in REM sleep

A

Decrease

89
Q

The phase in which a memory is fragile and must compete with existing memories and the addition of new memories

A

The initial labile phase of memory consolidation

90
Q

The phase that forges a relatively permanent representation of the memory; biochemical and genetic activity lead to structural changes

A

Consolidation phase of memory storage

91
Q

The phase of memory storage that puts the memory to work at some future time and also integrates into existing memory storage

A

Recall phase of memory consolidation

92
Q

The multiple process theory of sleep and memory storage

A

Different kinds of memory are stored during different sleep states

93
Q

The sequential process theory of sleep and memory storage

A

Memory is manipulated in different ways during different sleep stages

94
Q

The storage process theory of sleep and memory storage

A

Brain regions that handle different kinds of memory during waking continue to do so during sleep; sleep means no competition from new waking experiences

95
Q

What happens to explicit memories during NREM sleep?

A

Experiences are being “replayed” and stored

96
Q

How were place cell hippocampal neurons in rats used to show that explicit memory is being replayed during NREM sleep

A

Place cell neurons fire when a rat is in a certain place; when they recorded 100 cells at the same time during NREM sleep after a food search, activity of place cells becomes correlated

97
Q

Melatonin: secreted by the ________

A

pineal gland

98
Q

Effects on sleep of removing pineal gland

A

None, sleep persists anyways

99
Q

Effects of melatonin

A

Sleepiness (not sleep)

100
Q

Reticular activating system: associated with?

A

Sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal

101
Q

Stimulation of reticular formation produces _______ EEG; damage produces ______ EEG

A

Waking; slow-wave

102
Q

Damage to reticulation formation can result in?

A

A coma

103
Q

Why does cutting afferent pathways to reticular formation cause desynchronized EEG?

A

Reticular formation causes waking, and afferent/sensory stimulation activates RAS neurons

104
Q

Two brainstem systems that influence waking:

A

Basal forebrain, and median raphe nucleus of midbrain

105
Q

The basal forebrain influences waking via:

A

Cholinergic cells that activate neocortical neurons, which stimulate a beta/waking EEG rhythm

106
Q

The median raphe nucleus influences waking via:

A

Serotonergic neruons project diffusely to neocortex to stimulate beta rhythms

107
Q

Damage to both the forebrain and median raphe nucleus leads to an animal displaying what sleep behaviour?
Why?

A

An animal can walk around but no longer learn or display intelligent behaviour; the RAS produces its arousal effects via these two pathways

108
Q

How does the peribrachial area effect sleep and via what circuits?

A

Cholinergic nucleus in dorsal brainstem projects to medial pontine reticulum to initiate REM sleep and REM-related behaviours

109
Q

How does the medial pontine reticular formation participate in REM sleep?

A

Projects to several brain areas that produce REM-related behaviours such as atonia

110
Q

Two brainstem nuclei responsible for REM

A

Peribrachial area and medial pontine reticular formation

111
Q

Two most common disorders of NREM sleep

A

Insomnia and narcolepsy

112
Q

Insomnia is a disorder of ______ wave sleep

A

Slow

113
Q

Atonia and dreaming when a person is awake (usually just as they are falling asleep or waking up)

A

Sleep paralysis

114
Q

A form of narcolepsy linked to strong emotional stimuli

A

Cataplexy

115
Q

Dreamlike events at the beginning of sleep or while a person is in a state of cataplexy

A

Hypnogogic hallucination

Psych 351D (4 decks)

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