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Psych 351D > Section 3: Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Section 3: Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings

A

Emotions

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2
Q

Behaviour that seems purposeful and goal directed

A

Motivation

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3
Q

Behaviour is regulated by….

A

Reward

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4
Q

Three main brain areas of emotion and motivation

A

Hypothalamus, limbic system, and frontal lobes

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5
Q

What two types of inputs can regulated brain circuits for reward?

A

Hormones and chemical senses

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6
Q

How are olfactory receptors activated?

A

Odourants dissolve in mucous of olfactory epithelium and interact with ORN cilia -> metabotropic activation leads to opening of Na+ channels

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7
Q

How is a given odourant recognized?

A

By the unique pattern of receptors that it activats

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8
Q

What are the two main pathways of olfaction?

A

Thalamic and non-thalamic

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9
Q

The non-thalamic pathway of olfaction goes where from the olfactory bulb?

A

Amygdala and pyriform cortex

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10
Q

The thalamic pathway of olfaction goes from olfactory bulb, to _______ of the thalamus, to where?

A

dorsomedial nucleus; orbitofrontal cortex

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11
Q

Pathway of pheromone activation

A

pheromones bind to vomeronasal organ –> accessory olfactory bulb –> amygdala and hypothalamus

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12
Q

In humans, a stranger’s body odour activates what?

A

Amygdala and insular cortex

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13
Q

What two demographics have the most sensitive taste?

A

Children and supertasters

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14
Q

The umami receptor is especially sensitive to what?

A

Glutamate

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15
Q

Each of the five taste receptor types respond to what?

A

The five different chemical components of food: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

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16
Q

How does gustatory stimuli activate the gustatory system?

A

Stimuli interact with receptor tips/microvilli, and ion channels open

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17
Q

What cranial nerves form the main gustatory tract?

A

Cranial nerves 7, 9, 10

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18
Q

Name of the main gustatory nerve tract?

A

Solitary tract

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19
Q

Where does the solitary tract enter the brain stem?

A

Nucleus of the solitary tract

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20
Q

The nucleus of the solitary tract projects to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and then to which two routes?

A
  1. ) the primary somatosensory cortex to localize taste/texture on tongue
  2. ) the primary gustatory cortex to figure out taste, before being mixed with smell in the orbitofrontal cortex to give perception of flavour
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21
Q

The right orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for perception of what kind of flavour?

A

Pleasent

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22
Q

The left orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for perception of what kind of flavour?

A

Unpleasent

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23
Q

What is an innate releasing mechanism?

A

Innate behaviours triggered in response to a stimulus

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24
Q

Example of IRM in human babies?

A

Babies mimic exaggerated facial expressions without understanding meaning by matching internal templates

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25
Q

_______ suggested that a rewarding event strengthens the behaviour it follows

A

Skinner

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26
Q

The predisposition to respond to certain stimuli differently than others is called ______

A

Preparedness

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27
Q

The aversion acquired between a specific taste or odour and an illness is called?

A

Learned taste aversion

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28
Q

The process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow and fixed range is called?

A

Homeostatic regualtion

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29
Q

Circuitry of homeostatic mechanisms?

A

Inputs from frontal lobe and limbic system –> funneled through hypothalamus –> brain stem circuits to produce motivated behaviours

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30
Q

Internal temp, eating, drinking, salt consumption, and waste elimination are all examples of?

A

Regulatory behaviour

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31
Q

Behaviour motivated to meet the survival needs of an animal are called what?

A

Regulatory behaviours

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32
Q

Behaviours unnecessary to meet the basic survival needs of the animal are called?

A

Non-regulatory behaviours

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33
Q

Sexual behaviour, parental behaviour, aggression, food preference, curiosity, and reading are all examples of what?

A

Non-regulatory behaviours

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34
Q

Non-regulatory behaviours involve ______ more than the hypothalamus

A

Frontal lobes

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35
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate homeostasis?

A

Via endocrine and autonomic systems

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36
Q

The principle function of the hypothalamus in hormone secretions?

A

Control of the pituitary gland

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37
Q

Three regions of the hypothalamus?

A

Lateral region, medial region, and paraventricular region

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38
Q

The paraventricular region of the hypothalamus contains?

A

Oxytocin

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39
Q

_______: the bonding hormone

A

Oxytocin

40
Q

The lateral region of the hypothalamus contains?

A

Nuclei and nerve tracts that connect the brainstem to the forebrain

41
Q

Three main functions of the medial forebrain bundle

A
  1. connecting structures in the brainstem with various parts of the limbic system
  2. Forms the activating projections from the brainstem to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex
  3. dopamine-containing fibres involved in reward and motivation
42
Q

The posterior pituitary contains what kind of tissue?

A

Neural tissue

43
Q

The anterior pituitary contains what type of tissue?

A

Glandular tissue

44
Q

The _____ pituitary synthesizes hormones

A

Anterior

45
Q

_______ hormones: peptides released by the hypothalamus to increase or decrease the release of hormones from the _______ pituitary

A

Releasing; anterior

46
Q

6 major hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

A

ATCH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and GH

47
Q

ATCH controls secretions of the?

A

Adrenal cortex

48
Q

TSH controls secretions of the?

A

Thyroid

49
Q

FSH controls secretions of the?

A

Gonads

50
Q

LH controls secretions of the?

A

Gonads

51
Q

Prolactin controls secretions of the?

A

Mammary glands

52
Q

GH promotes?

A

Growth throughout the body

53
Q

Three factors involved in controlling hypothalamic hormone-related activity

A

Feedback loops, neural regulation, and experiential responses

54
Q

Two important characteristics of behaviours generated by hypothalamic stimulation are?

A

Survival and reward

55
Q

Amygdala inputs and outputs?

A

Inputs: all sensory systems
Outputs: primarily the hypothalamus and brainstem

56
Q

The function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Contributes to specifying the goals of movements; controls selection of movements appropriate to the particular time and context

57
Q

Abnormalities in _______ inputs into the prefrontal cortex may account for disorders such as schizophrenia

A

Dopaminergic

58
Q

Functions of the prefrontal cortex

A

Selecting behaviours appropriate to the particular time and place

59
Q

Three components of emotion

A
  1. autonomic response
  2. subjective feelings
  3. cognitions
60
Q

Structures associated with autonomic responses to emotions?

A

Hypothalamus, ENS

61
Q

Structures associated with the subjective feelings of emotions?

A

Amygdala and parts of frontal lobes

62
Q

Structures associated with cognition of emotions?

A

Cerebral cortex

63
Q

The James-Lange theory of emotion states:

A

Physiological changes –> brain interprets changes as emotions

64
Q

Loss of emotionality during spinal cord injuries is highest when?

A

The lesion is high o the spine

65
Q

The somatic marker hypothesis of emotions states:

A

Emotions are linked to thoughts/decisions/actions, and emotions are responses induced by either internal or external stimuli not normally noticed consciously

66
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome:

A

Removal of amygdala

67
Q

Symptoms of Kluver-Bucy (6)

A
  1. Tameness/loss of fear
  2. indiscriminate dietary behaviour
  3. increased and inappropriate sexual activity
  4. indiscriminate response to visual stimuli
  5. tendency to put everything in mouth
  6. visual agnosia
68
Q

_________ is responsible for the conscious awareness of emotional states produced by the limbic system

A

Orbitofrontal area

69
Q

Digestions is controlled by the:

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

70
Q

Three types of nutrients extracted during digestion

A

Lipids
Amino acids
Glucose

71
Q

When food reaches the intestine, it triggers release of peptide hormones such as _______, a hormone that diminishes appetite

A

Cholecytokinin (CKK)

72
Q

Legions to the ______ ___________ cause aphagia

A

Lateral hypothalamus

73
Q

Aphagia:

A

A failure to eat

74
Q

Lesions to the ______ ____________ cause hyperphasia

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

75
Q

Hyperaphasia:

A

Overeating

76
Q

The lateral hypothalamus signals eating ____; the ventromedial hypothalamus signals eating _____

A

On; off

77
Q

Hypothalamus receives inputs from….. to control feeding behaviour

A

ENS, hormone systems for info like level of CCK, and brain areas processing cognitive factors

78
Q

Feeding behaviour; damage to the amygdala causes?

A

altered food preferences and abolishment of taste aversion learning

79
Q

Feeding behaviour; damage to the orbital prefrontal cortex causes?

A

Decreased feeding due to decreased sensory responses to food odour/taste

80
Q

Two types of thirst:

A

Osmotic and hypovolemic

81
Q

Osmotic thirst results from? Solved by?

A

Results from increased [solutes]; drinking water

82
Q

Hypovolemic thirst results from? Solved by?

A

Loss of overall fluid volume; drink non-water fluids to restore nutrients

83
Q

Receptors in the ______________ detect altered solute concentrations responsible for osmotic thirst

A

Hypothalamus along the third ventricle

84
Q

Water intoxication - cause and physiology

A

When you sweat heavily and drink water without electrolytes, the body tissues swell with excess fluids and drown the cells in freshwater

85
Q

When total volume of body fluids decline, the _______ signal ________ (using ______) triggering urge to drink beverages with electrolytes

A

kidneys; midline hypothalamic neurons; angiotensin

86
Q

How does estrogen suppress male characteristics?

A

Estrogen methylates preoptic areas of females

87
Q

Differential development of brain areas in the two sexes, as influenced by the gonadal hormones estradiol and testosterone

A

Sexual dimorphism

88
Q

Effects of estradiol on the male brain?

A

Masculinization - aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol, and alpha-feroprotein prevents estrogen from entering neurons

89
Q

Preoptic area of the hypothalamus of females is five times ______ than in males

A

Smaller

90
Q

Adult female sexual behaviour is influenced by;

A

Varying estrogen levels across the estrous cycle

91
Q

Adult male sexual behaviour is influenced by

A

Testosterone levels - high levels increase motivation and production

92
Q

How are hippocampal pyramidal neurons affected by estrogen?

A

high estrogen = high dendritic spines and vice versa

93
Q

Differences in the hypothalamus of hetero vs homosexual males

A

Homosexual males form a third sex; hypothalamus differs from both female and heterosexual males

94
Q

5 biological factors associated with transgender identity

A
  1. chromosomal abnormalities
  2. polymorphisms of genes for estrogen and androgen receptors
  3. abnormal gonadal hormone levels
  4. prenatal exposure to some anticonvulsants
  5. immune activity directed to Y chromosome
95
Q

Two independent processes of reward:

A

Wanting and liking

Psych 351D (4 decks)

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