Section 3, Chapter 11 Flashcards
What percentage of children and adolescents have obesity?
Approximately 18% 
When working with a client who has overweight or obesity, about what topic is important to ask? 
Permission to talk about weight 
What was the main contributor to the increase in daily caloric intake in both men and women between 1971 and 2000? 
Increase in carbohydrate intake 
What are the three diagnostic tests used to classify obesity and overweight in adults? 
Body mass index (BMI)
Waist circumference
Waist to hip ratio (WHR)
One method for classifying overweight and obesity that provides an objective ratio describing the relationship between body weight and height 
BMI
One method for classifying overweight and obesity that is a reliable indicator of an individuals relative amount of visceral fat
Waist circumference 
This measurement is superior to BMI in predicting cardiovascular disease risk 
Waist circumference 
One method for classifying overweight and obesity that involves dividing the clients waist measurement by his or her hip measurement 
Waist to hip ratio (WHR)
This measurement is a good predictor of all cause morbidity and cardiovascular disease mortality 
WHR
What is the equation for calculating BMI?
[Weight (lb)/Height2 (in)] x 703
What are key strategies for helping a client lose weight?
-Portion control
-Eating frequency
-Consuming foods high in nutrient density and low in energy density 
When working with clients with overweight or obesity what is a realistic goal for initial weight loss? 
5 to 10%
What are factors that contribute to obesity?
Environmental factors
Stress
Genetics
Hormones
Sleep
Energy balance (higher EI versus lower EE)
What are examples of environmental factors that contribute to obesity?
- The availability, quantity and energy density of foods consumed
-Availability of labor saving devices
-More time spent sitting - Less availability of facilities were one can be active in the built environment
According to the text, what is probably the major factor contributing to the obesity epidemic?
Environmental factors 
According to research, genes are a factor in obesity but not as important as what? 
Lifestyle 
The genetic predisposition to obesity can be reduced by about how much by being physically active? 
40%
When working with a client to lose weight, it’s important to remember what?
Not all people respond the same way to diet and exercise 
How does fat tissue function like endocrine organs?
It secretes hormones
What are 3 key hormones produced by fat tissue and their impact?
- Leptin - communicates with the hypothalamus regarding energy reserves in fat cells
- Adiponectin - helps insulin do it’s job
- Immune hormones - connected to inflammation
EE = ?
Energy expenditure
EI = ?
Energy intake
A simple sugar. The form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body’s principal energy source. 
Glucose 
The chief carbohydrate storage material formed by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle. 
Glycogen 
A hormone produced in the stomach that is responsible for stimulating appetite
Ghrelin
A satiety hormone that is released from the intestines 
Peptide YY
It is the second leading cause of preventable death in America 
Obesity 
How does obesity impact life expectancy? 
It reduces life expectancy by as much as 10 to 20 years
What is the BMI range classification for overweight? 
25.0 - 29.9 BMI
What is the BMI range classification for obesity class one? 
30.0 - 34.9 BMI
What is the BMI range classification for obesity class 2?
35.0 - 39.9 BMI
What is the BMI classification for extreme obesity? 
40.0 or higher BMI
What are five strategies to create an energy deficit?
Follow a menu plan
Limit sugar intake
Control portion size
Limit sedentary activities
>150 minutes of physical activity a week
Four areas that impact obesity
Diet
Physical activity
Sleep
Stress 
The consumption of energy from food, balanced with the output of energy through life-sustaining functions, physical activity, and exercise. 
Energy balance
When energy intake and energy expenditure are equal
Weight maintenance 
When energy intake is greater than energy expenditure
Weight gain 
When energy intake is less than energy expenditure
Weight loss 
How does sleep deprivation impact weight?
Disrupts hormone levels 
Impairs metabolism
Where should waist circumference be measured? 
At the narrowest part of the torso above the umbilicus, and below the xiphoid process 
What is the waist circumference in women and also in men that are considered the risk factor threshold for metabolic and coronary disease?
> = 35 inches in women
= 40 inches in men
Obesity related metabolic diseases
Diabetes
Insulin resistance 
Waist circumference is a reliable indicator of an individual’s relative amount of what?
Visceral fat 
Two main types of body fat
Subcutaneous - under the skin
Visceral - surrounding the internal organs 
Two important functions of visceral body fat
Helps to maintain levels of free fatty acids in the blood 
Facilitates the regulation of blood insulin 
During digestion, the body breaks down fats into what (for absorption into the blood)?
Fatty acids 
Fatty acid molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called what? 
A triglyceride 
In cases of overweight and obesity, visceral fat can be infiltrated by specific immune cells known as macrophages that trigger insulin resistance. This is a precursor for what?
Diabetes and prediabetes 
