section 3 - 3A

Question 1

Inequality

Answer 1

Inequality meansextreme differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in peoples’ wellbeing and access to things like jobs, housing and education.

Question 2

Spatial inequality

Answer 2

unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations.
i.e. healthcare, welfare, public services, household income and infrastructures.

Question 3

Quality of life

Answer 3

The understanding of the environment and how that can affect the residents or an individual’s personal sense of life.
The objective refers to the characteristics of a society in a given place and time, the conditions within which people seek happiness.

Question 4

Standard of living

Answer 4

Thisrefers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class orgeographicarea

Question 5

Factors determining standard of living / quality of life X7

Answer 5

Wealth and Material goods 
Physical environments and Climate 
Different classes 
access and Unfair distribution 
Economic conditions 
Communications 
Physical and mental health

Question 6

how do you measure social inequality?

Answer 6

• income
• housing - house tenure
• education - literacy rates and gender
• healthcare

Question 7

how is income used to measure social inequality?

Answer 7

• Income - high income can mean higher level of education, QofL or longer hours, migration etc = no improvement to quality of life
• types of poverty: relative and absolute poverty
• Gini coefficient

Question 8

relative poverty

Answer 8

• the level of poverty to the distribution of income across population

Question 9

absolute poverty

Answer 9

• World Bank’s definition: $1.25 per day PPP
  (purchasing power parity)
• below this level income a person cannot afford to purchase the minimum amount

Question 10

Gini coefficient

Answer 10

• used to measure levels of income inequality within countries
• defined as a ratio with values between 0-1
• the lower the value the more equal is income distribution
• G CoE of 1 = income in a country in one persons hand
• G CoE of 0 = everyone in a country has equal income

Question 11

how is housing used to measure social inequality?

Answer 11

• housing tenure: type and quality of accommodation
• house tenure in AC’s: main medium is through loan, mortgage, some rent through private landlords and other rent from council
• housing tenure in LIDC: system of landlords and tenants as well as slum areas

Question 12

how is education used to measure social inequality?

Answer 12

• formal education: schooling, apprenticeships, universities
• informal education: domestic skills, farming, machinery
• literacy levels
• gender

Question 13

how is health care used to measure social inequality?

Answer 13

• access to health care - UK ‘postcode lottery’ where you live depends on where you live, level of medical provision through NHS
• levels of ill-health
• number of health professionals
• the measure of number of doctors per 1000 people used to describe health inequality between places at global scale
• varying mobility and life expectancy
• access to clean water, effective sanitation, quality of diet, type of housing, air quality
• social attitudes - Sub-Saharan Africa have HIV/AIDs issues due to attitudes towards male-female relationships and ignorance

Question 14

how employment is used to measure social inequality ?

Answer 14

• income
• unemployment rates
• employment exceptions: access to employment, informal sector work, long hours low wages

Question 15

what leads to spatial patterns of social inequality?

Answer 15

• interaction of factors: wealth, housing, health, education and access to services

Question 16

what does the human development index highlight?

Answer 16

• measures inequality through economic and social factors highlighting the inequality between countries

Question 17

areas that can vary within wealth aiding spatial patterns of social inequality

Answer 17

• disposable incomes - more disposable income the wealthier you are
• the cost of living - high wages and high cost of living means that person is relatively less well-off

Question 18

areas that can vary within housing aiding spatial patterns of social inequality

Answer 18

• quality of housing - smaller income, less choice, poor quality and overcrowding = ill-health
• demand exceeds supply - rapid urbanisation = slum housing because municipal authorities overwhelmed
• cost of housing - inflation of price exceeding wages = homelessness
• second-home ownership increase inequality in rural regions

Question 19

areas that can vary within health aiding spatial patterns of social inequality

Answer 19

• ill-health and deprivation - poor housing, diets, lifestyle and stress day-to-day of poverty decreases mental and physical health
• access to medical services result from poor distribution of services

Question 20

areas that can vary within education aiding spatial patterns of social inequality

Answer 20

• government investment into education - how far will they take you through education for free
• illiteracy reduces employment opportunities
• gender - obstruct chances - India

Question 21

areas that can vary within access to services aiding spatial patterns of social inequality in terms of scale

Answer 21

• global scale - medical services - no.of Docs to 1000 people: AC Norway: 4+, EDC Brazil: -2 and LIDC Kenya: -1
• national scale - inequality is regional, urban-rural divide
• capitals/ cities = wealth and investment, lessens further away from core

Question 22

areas that can vary within access to services aiding spatial patterns of social inequality

Answer 22

• number of services
• accessibility - transport, distance
• social and economic factors - age, income
• digital divide - owning technology and quality of connection: broadband speeds.
  DD decreasing inequality: LIDC and EDCs: reducing dangerous alternatives
  DD increasing inequality: China and N Korea authorities restricting tech and internet access