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CSD > Section 3 > Flashcards

Section 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonation

A

Physical process of using airflow from lungs to vibrate vocal folds, producing voice

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2
Q

Voice

A

Acoustic signal generated by larynx and vocal tract

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3
Q

Abducted

A

vocal folds are open (breathy)

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4
Q

How to create voice

A
  1. breathe 2. Adduct vocal folds (close them) 3. Exhale against vocal folds 4. Vocal chords blown apart, causing rapid vibration 5. Voice shaped by pharynx, nasal cavity and vocal cavity
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5
Q

Frequency

A

rate of vocal fold vibration; cycles per second or Hurtz (perceived as pitch)

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6
Q

F0

A

Fundamental frequency

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7
Q

Why do different vocal folds have different frequencies?

A

Size and tension

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8
Q

How do we change pitch?

A

modify length of vocal chord,s which changes tension, increasing or decreasing mass, changing amount of air brought in.

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9
Q

Intensity

A

Sound pressures (decibels) perceptually heard as loudness

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10
Q

Quality

A

How well the vocal folds work during vibration; symmetrical with good vibrations leads to a normal voice

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11
Q

Voice disorder

A

when one or more of the three vocal characteristics differs significantly from that of a similar person, and impacts them negatively.

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12
Q

The three vocal characteristics

A

Frequency, Quality, Intensity

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13
Q

5 voice qualities

A

rough, breathy, nasal, strained, monotone

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14
Q

Glottal fry

A

pitch is unusually low due to tight vocal folds

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15
Q

Examples of voice disorders (5)

A

glottal fry, habitual loudness, softness, monotone, limited range

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16
Q

Dysphonia

A

Umbrella term used to refer to a voice that is disordered in some way

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17
Q

Aphonia

A

Total loss or lack of voice

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18
Q

Categories for voice disorders (5)

A

functional, structural, neurogenic, psychogenic, laterogenic

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19
Q

Functional disorder

A

abnormal use of mechanism - hyperfunctional or hypofunctional

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20
Q

Hypofunctional functioning

A

Overly tense and compressed together vocal folds (voice may sound high, strained, or loud)

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21
Q

Hyperfunctional functioning

A

Vocal folds are underfunctioning and have inadequate tension, causing adduction (can cause breathy voice)

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22
Q

Structural disorder

A

Disease related (cancer)

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23
Q

Neurogenic disorder

A

Injury or disease affected the peripheral or central neurological control

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24
Q

Psychogenic disorder

A

Linked to emotional or psychological issues

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25
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Caused by a medical or surgical procedure

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26
Q

Laryngectomy

A

Removal of the larynx; people speak via alaryngeal communication

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27
Q

Nodes

A

common in children; impede smooth adduction, causing roughness in the voice. USUALLY BILATERAL

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28
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Nerve connected with phonation

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29
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Tube inserted into the trachea if respiratory system is compromised; allows for mechanical ventilation. Can also be used to speak.

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30
Q

Oral motor exam

A

Part of a voice fluency evaluation; rules out structural problems; study amount of tension involved in voicing

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31
Q

CAPE-V

A

Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice Patients voice quality rating from 0-100

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32
Q

Fluency Disorder

A

When dysfluency happens at an increased rate, are more severe, or happen within words (stuttering)

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33
Q

Cause of stuttering

A

Unknown! Not linked to psychological or physical trauma Related to genetics (family condition)

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34
Q

Cure to stuttering

A

Is not one! Can be outgrown, otherwise is life long

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35
Q

Two characteristics of fluency disorders

A

Variable and cyclical

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36
Q

Average age of stuttering onset

A

4 years old; can happen between 2-9 years

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37
Q

Onset of stuttering is…

A

gradual

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38
Q

Primary characteristics of stuttering

A

Repetition, prolongation, and blocks

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39
Q

Secondary characteristics of stuttering

A

Accompany core, result from excessive effort, blinking, head tilting, etc.

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40
Q

Types of fluency disorders

A

Acquired and developmental Usually developmental

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41
Q

Developmental fluency disorders

A

Develop between 2-4 y/o The longer it persists, the less likely it is to go away Involved motor execution control, temperament, and speech and language planning

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42
Q

Acquired fluency disorders

A

Fairly rare Onset later in life, can involve trauma, sudden onset

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43
Q

SLDs

A

Stuttering-like dysfluencies

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44
Q

Examples of SLDs (6)

A

part-word repetition, single-word repetition, whole-world repetition, sound prolongation, blocks, broken words

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45
Q

Types of speech dysfluency

A

Between world, within word, stuttering-like (SLDs), and non-stuttering

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46
Q

Between-word speech dysfluencies

A

Typical, usually non-stuttering Phrase repetition, revision, interjection

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47
Q

Within-word speech dysfluencies

A

Atypical, stuttering-like Whole-world repetition, sound/syllable repetition, audible sound prolongation, blocks

48
Q

Neurogenic Stuttering

A

Most often occurs in adults Acquired Onset of SLD after some neurological event which disrupts normal brain functioning

49
Q

Amount of total dysfluencies a child with Stuttering produces

A

More than 10 per 100 words

50
Q

Assessing fluency disorders

A

Interview, spontaneous speech sample, standardized testing

51
Q

What does a spontaneous speech sample measure

A

Type, frequency, and severity of disorder, speech rate, and MLU (Mean Length Utterances)

52
Q

Two questions assessments of fluency disorders must answer

A

Development or acquired? Neurogenic or psychogenic?

53
Q

Three treatment methods of fluency disorders for children

A

Indirect, direct, focus

54
Q

Indirect method of treatment for children with fluency disorders

A

Clinic-based group setting or parent-based; indirect because clinician is not involved

55
Q

Direct method of treatment for children with fluency disorders

A

Clinic-based group setting or one-on-one; direct because clinician is working with child

56
Q

Focus method of treatment for children with fluency disorders

A

Minimize or eliminate dysfluencies by prompting fluid speech Altering conversational styles

57
Q

Two treatment methods for fluency disorders in adults

A

Direct and focus

58
Q

Speech easy device

A

Alters the individuals pitch and plays the voice back milliseconds later Temporary cure

59
Q
A
60
Q

Outer ear utilizes what kind of energy

A

Acoustic

61
Q

Middle ear utilizes what kind of energy

A

Mechanical

62
Q

Inner ear utilizes what kind of energy

A

Hydrolic

63
Q

Pinna

A

Part of outer ear

Amplifies and localizes sound

64
Q

Ear canal

A

Part of outer ear

creates earwax, hair, conducts sound waves to eardrum

65
Q

EAM

A

External auditory meatis (another name for ear canal)

66
Q

Eardrum

A

Middle ear

Also called tympanic membrane

Skin vibrates at different frequencies

67
Q

Eustachain tube

A
68
Q

Three bones in middle ear

A
69
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Inner ear

Aids in balance; fluid

70
Q

Cochlea

A

Inner ear

contains organ of corti

coil tube filled with fluid and tiny hairs, perceives sound

71
Q

Organ of corti

A

Fluid flows through, moving hair cells which send signals to auditory nerve

72
Q

Tonotopic organization

A

Being spatially organized by tone and frequency

Cochlea!

73
Q

Hearing loss

A

3rd most common health problem in the US

Classified based on type, degree, and configuration

74
Q

Three types of hearing loss

A

Conductive, sensorineural, and mixed

75
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Malformation in the outer or middle ear

Typically there is an air-bone gap of 15 db or more

Can be temporary (Otitis Media)

76
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Permanent

Dysfunction in cochlea or auditory nerve

Typically air-bone gap of 15 db or more

77
Q

Mised hearing loss

A

Sensoryneural and conductive!

Air-bone gap with threshold not within normal limits

78
Q

Conductive hearing loss audiogram

A
79
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss audiogram

A
80
Q

Mixed hearing loss audiogram

A
81
Q

Degree of hearing loss

A

Way to quantify loss (measured in decibles)

82
Q

Configuration of hearing loss (and examples)

A

Decribe hearing loss by the shape of the graph (flat, sloping, rising, and steeply sloping)

83
Q

Otitis media

A

Ear infection

Effects middle ear; most diagnosed condition in children

84
Q

Otosclerosis

A

Ossicular chain hardens, causing fluid to be unable to move in cochlea

Bony growth in oval window

Genetic and progressive

85
Q

Presbycusis

A

Age-related hearing loss

Progressive

86
Q

Phonemic regress

A

Difficulty understanding speech that is worse than expected;

87
Q

Noise-induced hearing loss

A

Only type of preventable hearing loss

Sensorineural

88
Q

Meniere’s disease

A

fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo, roaring tinnitus

usually overdiagnosed

89
Q

Tinnitus

A

Perception of sound with no external source

90
Q

Diagnostics

A

Why do people come in?

Describe physiologicla characteristics of auditory system to see if hearing is normal

91
Q

Typical hearing eval

A

Case, otoscopy, immittance testing, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry

92
Q

Important thing to consider when fitting someone with hearing aids

A

Why tey’re coming in, financial situation, current medical and emotional state

93
Q

Components of hearing aids

A

Microphone, microchip, receiver, battery, amplifier

94
Q

Styles of hearing aids (6)

A

CIC, ITC, ITE, BTE, Open Fit, RITE

95
Q

Cochlear implants

A

Provides direct electrical simulations to the auditory nerve

Can create a range of sounds but don’t replace a hearing aid

96
Q

Characteristics of cochlear implant candidates

A

Adults must have moderate to profound loss, children older than two must have severe to profound, and children under two must have profound

97
Q

Conditions limiting cochlear implant candidacy

A

Hearing is “too good”, profound hearing loss for a long time, neural hearing loss, cochlear malformation, medical problems

98
Q

BAHA

A

Bone anchored hearing device

99
Q

Auditory brainstem implant

A

For profoundly deaf where damage is on the auditory nerve or cochlea

Limited speech awareness, just sound awareness

100
Q

Hearing assisstive technology

A

Amplifies what a person wants to hear

Examples - induction loop systems, FM systems, hearing aid connectivity, personal amplifiers, amplifying rooms

101
Q

ASL

A

A language utilizing space and movement to convey meaning - not a direct translation of English

102
Q

ASL is related to which other countries sign language?

A

French!

103
Q

Rochester method

A

Finger spelling everything

104
Q

SEE

A

Signed exact English - using ASL but following how you would say the sentence in English; plurals used

105
Q

PSE

A

Pidgin signed English - Signing in English speaking order, but dropping plurals and -ed.

Most popular form of sign language!

106
Q

Cued speech

A

Signing phonetics near the mouth to “sound out” words

Used for acquiring the English language

107
Q

Rehabilitation definition

A

Focuses restoring a skill that has been lost

Adults

108
Q

Habilitation definition

A

Facilitates the development of skills that may not be there in the first place

Children

109
Q

Etiology of pediatric hearing loss (3)

A

Genetic, congenital, environmental

110
Q

JCIH 1-3-6 Protocol

A

Joint Committee on Infant Hearing; screening at one month, diagnosing at three, intervene at six

111
Q

Audiological (re)habilitation

A

Focuses on the development and functioning of speech and language and cognitive and emotional skills for children with hearing impairments

112
Q

Pediatric aural rehabilitation steps

A

Auditory detection (awareness), descrimination (differences between sounds), identification (identifying sounds), comprehension (understanding)

113
Q

Two types of aural counceling for children

A

Informational and adjustment

114
Q

Communication options for Deaf/Hard of Hearing people (5)

A

Auditory-oral, auditory-verbal, ASL, cued speech, total communication

115
Q

Why does hearing loss in adults often go untreated?

A

Because it is ignored or not taken seriously

116
Q

Two types of counceling for hard of hearing adults

A

Individual and group counceling

117
Q

FACES plan

A

Adult aural rehab plan

  1. family participation in rehab
  2. auditory skill building
  3. conversation strategies
  4. education and couceling
  5. speech reading and visual cues

CSD (2 decks)

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