Section 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Phonation
A
Physical process of using airflow from lungs to vibrate vocal folds, producing voice
2
Q
Voice
A
Acoustic signal generated by larynx and vocal tract
3
Q
Abducted
A
vocal folds are open (breathy)
4
Q
How to create voice
A
- breathe 2. Adduct vocal folds (close them) 3. Exhale against vocal folds 4. Vocal chords blown apart, causing rapid vibration 5. Voice shaped by pharynx, nasal cavity and vocal cavity
5
Q
Frequency
A
rate of vocal fold vibration; cycles per second or Hurtz (perceived as pitch)
6
Q
F0
A
Fundamental frequency
7
Q
Why do different vocal folds have different frequencies?
A
Size and tension
8
Q
How do we change pitch?
A
modify length of vocal chord,s which changes tension, increasing or decreasing mass, changing amount of air brought in.
9
Q
Intensity
A
Sound pressures (decibels) perceptually heard as loudness
10
Q
Quality
A
How well the vocal folds work during vibration; symmetrical with good vibrations leads to a normal voice
11
Q
Voice disorder
A
when one or more of the three vocal characteristics differs significantly from that of a similar person, and impacts them negatively.
12
Q
The three vocal characteristics
A
Frequency, Quality, Intensity
13
Q
5 voice qualities
A
rough, breathy, nasal, strained, monotone
14
Q
Glottal fry
A
pitch is unusually low due to tight vocal folds
15
Q
Examples of voice disorders (5)
A
glottal fry, habitual loudness, softness, monotone, limited range
16
Q
Dysphonia
A
Umbrella term used to refer to a voice that is disordered in some way
17
Q
Aphonia
A
Total loss or lack of voice
18
Q
Categories for voice disorders (5)
A
functional, structural, neurogenic, psychogenic, laterogenic
19
Q
Functional disorder
A
abnormal use of mechanism - hyperfunctional or hypofunctional
20
Q
Hypofunctional functioning
A
Overly tense and compressed together vocal folds (voice may sound high, strained, or loud)
21
Q
Hyperfunctional functioning
A
Vocal folds are underfunctioning and have inadequate tension, causing adduction (can cause breathy voice)
22
Q
Structural disorder
A
Disease related (cancer)
23
Q
Neurogenic disorder
A
Injury or disease affected the peripheral or central neurological control
24
Q
Psychogenic disorder
A
Linked to emotional or psychological issues
25
Iatrogenic
Caused by a medical or surgical procedure
26
Laryngectomy
Removal of the larynx; people speak via alaryngeal communication
27
Nodes
common in children; impede smooth adduction, causing roughness in the voice. USUALLY BILATERAL
28
Vagus nerve
Nerve connected with phonation
29
Tracheostomy
Tube inserted into the trachea if respiratory system is compromised; allows for mechanical ventilation. Can also be used to speak.
30
Oral motor exam
Part of a voice fluency evaluation; rules out structural problems; study amount of tension involved in voicing
31
CAPE-V
Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice Patients voice quality rating from 0-100
32
Fluency Disorder
When dysfluency happens at an increased rate, are more severe, or happen within words (stuttering)
33
Cause of stuttering
Unknown! Not linked to psychological or physical trauma Related to genetics (family condition)
34
Cure to stuttering
Is not one! Can be outgrown, otherwise is life long
35
Two characteristics of fluency disorders
Variable and cyclical
36
Average age of stuttering onset
4 years old; can happen between 2-9 years
37
Onset of stuttering is...
gradual
38
Primary characteristics of stuttering
Repetition, prolongation, and blocks
39
Secondary characteristics of stuttering
Accompany core, result from excessive effort, blinking, head tilting, etc.
40
Types of fluency disorders
Acquired and developmental Usually developmental
41
Developmental fluency disorders
Develop between 2-4 y/o The longer it persists, the less likely it is to go away Involved motor execution control, temperament, and speech and language planning
42
Acquired fluency disorders
Fairly rare Onset later in life, can involve trauma, sudden onset
43
SLDs
Stuttering-like dysfluencies
44
Examples of SLDs (6)
part-word repetition, single-word repetition, whole-world repetition, sound prolongation, blocks, broken words
45
Types of speech dysfluency
Between world, within word, stuttering-like (SLDs), and non-stuttering
46
Between-word speech dysfluencies
Typical, usually non-stuttering Phrase repetition, revision, interjection
47
Within-word speech dysfluencies
Atypical, stuttering-like Whole-world repetition, sound/syllable repetition, audible sound prolongation, blocks
48
Neurogenic Stuttering
Most often occurs in adults Acquired Onset of SLD after some neurological event which disrupts normal brain functioning
49
Amount of total dysfluencies a child with Stuttering produces
More than 10 per 100 words
50
Assessing fluency disorders
Interview, spontaneous speech sample, standardized testing
51
What does a spontaneous speech sample measure
Type, frequency, and severity of disorder, speech rate, and MLU (Mean Length Utterances)
52
Two questions assessments of fluency disorders must answer
Development or acquired? Neurogenic or psychogenic?
53
Three treatment methods of fluency disorders for children
Indirect, direct, focus
54
Indirect method of treatment for children with fluency disorders
Clinic-based group setting or parent-based; indirect because clinician is not involved
55
Direct method of treatment for children with fluency disorders
Clinic-based group setting or one-on-one; direct because clinician is working with child
56
Focus method of treatment for children with fluency disorders
Minimize or eliminate dysfluencies by prompting fluid speech Altering conversational styles
57
Two treatment methods for fluency disorders in adults
Direct and focus
58
Speech easy device
Alters the individuals pitch and plays the voice back milliseconds later Temporary cure
59
60
Outer ear utilizes what kind of energy
Acoustic
61
Middle ear utilizes what kind of energy
Mechanical
62
Inner ear utilizes what kind of energy
Hydrolic
63
Pinna
Part of outer ear
Amplifies and localizes sound
64
Ear canal
Part of outer ear
creates earwax, hair, conducts sound waves to eardrum
65
EAM
External auditory meatis (another name for ear canal)
66
Eardrum
Middle ear
Also called tympanic membrane
Skin vibrates at different frequencies
67
Eustachain tube
68
Three bones in middle ear
69
Vestibular sense
Inner ear
Aids in balance; fluid
70
Cochlea
Inner ear
contains organ of corti
coil tube filled with fluid and tiny hairs, perceives sound
71
Organ of corti
Fluid flows through, moving hair cells which send signals to auditory nerve
72
Tonotopic organization
Being spatially organized by tone and frequency
Cochlea!
73
Hearing loss
3rd most common health problem in the US
Classified based on type, degree, and configuration
74
Three types of hearing loss
Conductive, sensorineural, and mixed
75
Conductive hearing loss
Malformation in the outer or middle ear
Typically there is an air-bone gap of 15 db or more
Can be temporary (Otitis Media)
76
Sensorineural hearing loss
Permanent
Dysfunction in cochlea or auditory nerve
Typically air-bone gap of 15 db or more
77
Mised hearing loss
Sensoryneural and conductive!
Air-bone gap with threshold not within normal limits
78
Conductive hearing loss audiogram
79
Sensorineural hearing loss audiogram
80
Mixed hearing loss audiogram
81
Degree of hearing loss
Way to quantify loss (measured in decibles)
82
Configuration of hearing loss (and examples)
Decribe hearing loss by the shape of the graph (flat, sloping, rising, and steeply sloping)
83
Otitis media
Ear infection
Effects middle ear; most diagnosed condition in children
84
Otosclerosis
Ossicular chain hardens, causing fluid to be unable to move in cochlea
Bony growth in oval window
Genetic and progressive
85
Presbycusis
Age-related hearing loss
Progressive
86
Phonemic regress
Difficulty understanding speech that is worse than expected;
87
Noise-induced hearing loss
Only type of preventable hearing loss
Sensorineural
88
Meniere's disease
fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo, roaring tinnitus
usually overdiagnosed
89
Tinnitus
Perception of sound with no external source
90
Diagnostics
Why do people come in?
Describe physiologicla characteristics of auditory system to see if hearing is normal
91
Typical hearing eval
Case, otoscopy, immittance testing, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry
92
Important thing to consider when fitting someone with hearing aids
Why tey're coming in, financial situation, current medical and emotional state
93
Components of hearing aids
Microphone, microchip, receiver, battery, amplifier
94
Styles of hearing aids (6)
CIC, ITC, ITE, BTE, Open Fit, RITE
95
Cochlear implants
Provides direct electrical simulations to the auditory nerve
Can create a range of sounds but don't replace a hearing aid
96
Characteristics of cochlear implant candidates
Adults must have moderate to profound loss, children older than two must have severe to profound, and children under two must have profound
97
Conditions limiting cochlear implant candidacy
Hearing is "too good", profound hearing loss for a long time, neural hearing loss, cochlear malformation, medical problems
98
BAHA
Bone anchored hearing device
99
Auditory brainstem implant
For profoundly deaf where damage is on the auditory nerve or cochlea
Limited speech awareness, just sound awareness
100
Hearing assisstive technology
Amplifies what a person wants to hear
Examples - induction loop systems, FM systems, hearing aid connectivity, personal amplifiers, amplifying rooms
101
ASL
A language utilizing space and movement to convey meaning - not a direct translation of English
102
ASL is related to which other countries sign language?
French!
103
Rochester method
Finger spelling everything
104
SEE
Signed exact English - using ASL but following how you would say the sentence in English; plurals used
105
PSE
Pidgin signed English - Signing in English speaking order, but dropping plurals and -ed.
Most popular form of sign language!
106
Cued speech
Signing phonetics near the mouth to "sound out" words
Used for acquiring the English language
107
Rehabilitation definition
Focuses restoring a skill that has been lost
Adults
108
Habilitation definition
Facilitates the development of skills that may not be there in the first place
Children
109
Etiology of pediatric hearing loss (3)
Genetic, congenital, environmental
110
JCIH 1-3-6 Protocol
Joint Committee on Infant Hearing; screening at one month, diagnosing at three, intervene at six
111
Audiological (re)habilitation
Focuses on the development and functioning of speech and language and cognitive and emotional skills for children with hearing impairments
112
Pediatric aural rehabilitation steps
Auditory detection (awareness), descrimination (differences between sounds), identification (identifying sounds), comprehension (understanding)
113
Two types of aural counceling for children
Informational and adjustment
114
Communication options for Deaf/Hard of Hearing people (5)
Auditory-oral, auditory-verbal, ASL, cued speech, total communication
115
Why does hearing loss in adults often go untreated?
Because it is ignored or not taken seriously
116
Two types of counceling for hard of hearing adults
Individual and group counceling
117
FACES plan
Adult aural rehab plan
1. family participation in rehab
2. auditory skill building
3. conversation strategies
4. education and couceling
5. speech reading and visual cues
