Section 3 Flashcards
What is asphyxia and why might it occur
suffocation
-tongue blocks airway
-forign object
-strangling
-drowning
-mouth and nose covered
what is cardiac arrest
the heart has stopped pumping blood around the body
may need CPR
how do you manage an air way
head tilt chin lift
How far do you push down in CPR on an adult and at what bpm
5-6cm
100-120bpm
how far do you push down on a baby and child in CPR
1/3 of its depth
Is cpr the same for adults and children
no
Adult: 2 hands
child: 5 rescue breaths and one hand
baby; 5 rescue breaths and two fingers (under one year)
how often dhould you change the person doing CPR
2 minutes
after drowning, they need cpr, how many rescue breaths
5
What are some problems with cpr
-people with a tracheostomy
-being sick
-air in stomach
-broken ribs
-fluid in the airway
if cpr is required on a spinal what do ypou do
get someone to support the head
What are the priorities of first aid? (PAPP)
Preserve life
Alleviate suffering
Prevent the situation from getting worse
Promote casualty recovery
What might you wear when dealing with first aid?
Gloves
What must you know and get before administering first aid?
History
symptoms
signs
consent
How may we assess a casualty?
primary survey
DR ABC
if not, move on
secondary survey
what can cause loss of consciousness
reduced supply of blood to the brain; faint, heart attack
head injury
extreme temps
seizures
symptoms, Signs and treatment of unconsciousness
symptoms; unresponsive
signs: drowsy, confusion
treatment: primary survey, treat any bleeding, secondary survey, loosen clothing, protect from wet or cold, recovery position, dont give food or drink
symptoms, signs, and treatment of heart attack
symptoms; dizzy, nausea, crushing chest pain, tingling in left arm may spread to jaw, irregular pulse, impending doom, anxiety
signs: pale grey skin, coughing, blue lips/skin, sweaty, difficulty breathing, collapse, clutching chest
treatment; 999, half sitting position, loosen tight clothing, any meds they take, reassure, prepared for cpr
why does a heart attack happen
interruption in the blood supply, heart starved of oxygen
why does shock occur
failure of circulation, inadequate blood supply to organs
symptoms, signs, and treatment of shock
symptoms: dizzy, confused, disorientated, thirst
signs; pale cold and clammy skin, blue lips, weak rapid pulse, rapid shallow breathing, unconsiciousness
treatment: lie down, legs raised, loosen clothing, keep warm, no food or drink, 999
symptoms, signs, and treatment for asthma attacks
symptoms: breathing difficulties
signs; anxiety, difficulty speaking, plae clammy blue lips
treatment: reassure, comfortable sitting position, encourage to use their medication, remove from the cause/room, dont take outside in cold air
999 if gets worse, not normal
What is anaphylaxis? what are its. triggars?
Serious allergic reaction
triggars:
foods
medicines
insect stings
latex
Symptoms and signs of anaphylaxis
swollen tongue
hoarse voice
difficulty swallowing
noisy breathing
wheeze
cough
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
anaphylactic shock
swelling of hands and feet
red itchy rash
anxiety
may cause problems to airway
what is the treatment for anaphylaxis
-ask if they have an auto-injector
-casualty should administer own medicine
-call 999
-sit up to aid breathing
-if faint, lay down and raise legs
-monitor breathing, perform cpr if required
what is hyperventilation
excessive breathing, possibly a result of a panic attack
symptoms signs and treatment of hyperventilation
symptoms: dizzy, cramps in hands and feet, pins and needles, tight chest, panic, rapid pulse
signs: unnaturally deep breathing, flushed skin
treatment: move to quiet area, reassure but be firm, take slow breaths through nose, small sips of water, may need 999
how do you apply a dressing or bandage
-to prenvent infection, control bleeding, absorb discharge
-clean wound
-apply dressing directly
-check circulation
-apply pressure around foreign body if one, not on it
where can bleeding come from and what will it look like
capillaries- trickle out
veins- ooze out
artery- spurt out (severe)
what are minor injuries (bleeding) and treatment
Small cuts: clean water, dry, sterile dressing
graze: clean water, dry, sterile dressing
bruises: ice pack for no longer than 20 minutes, reduces swelling
Symptoms signs and treatment of external bleeding
symptoms: pain, shock, thirst
signs: blood
treatment: wear gloves, comfortable position, examine for foreign objects, apply direct pressure, apply dressing, may need shock treatment
if foreign object, do not remove, build up dressings around it, pressure
symptoms signs and treatment of internal bleeding
symptoms; skin is pale cold and clammy, confusion, collapse, bruising, swelling, shock, thirst, weak rapid pulse
treatment: 999, lie casualty down, treat for shock
varicose vein bleed treatment
lie down, firm direct pressure, dressing, 999
treatment for amputation:
apply pressure, dressing
-wrap amputated part in cling film, a cloth, or plastic bag, ice pack
treatment for nose bleed
sit down, head tilt forward, breath through mouth, apply pressure to soft tissue below bridge, try not to speak swallow cough or sniff, for 10 minutes, more than 30 mins 999
teatment for splinters
gloves, clean area, tweezers as close to skin as possible, pull same direction as entered, squeeze out blood, cover with dressing
what are the types of burns?
-dry heat (hot surface, fire)
-wet heat
-chmeical
-eletrical
-sunburn
s, s and t for burns
symptoms: pain, shock, breathing difficulties
signs: blistering, swelling, redness, clear fluid, shock
treatment: flood with cool water for 20 mins, do not remove clothimg, remove rings or jewellry as swelling may occur,cover with non adehesive like cling film
999 if: child or elderly, severe, inhaled fumes, face hands feet or genitals
severity of burns:
superficial- outer layer
partial thickness- outer layer and dermis
full thickness: all layers
depth, location, size, cause depend severity
treatment for sunburn
shade, sips of cold wtaer, coll burn with water, 999
s, s and tr of electric shocks
symp: pain, shock
signs: jolt or jump, burns, shock, unconsciousness, breathing
treatment: isolate power, do not touch casualty or wet until isolated, 999, primary survey, treat burns, shock, recovery position
types of fractures
open; sticks out skin
closed; skin not broken, bruising, swelling
complicated: injury to major blood vessels, brain, lungs
greenstick: confused with sprains, normally in children
trestment of fractures
keep in positioned found in, immobilisation like support limbs, cover exposed wound with sterile dressing, apply pressure
dislocation treat
comfortable position, support, 999
treatment for sprain or strain
rice
rest
ice
comfortable
elevation
difference between sprain and strain
sprain: joints, ligaments hab=ve been wrentched
strain: muscles are over stretched
treatment of cramp:
support, stretch, massage, rest
difference between concussion and compression
concussion: altered level of consciousness, confused
compression: potentially fatal condition, skull fracture or bleed on the brain
s s abd t of head injuries
symp: dizzy, confused, vomitiing, memory loss, headache, seizures
signs; change in skin colour, breathing, dialated pupils, fluid coming fromn ear or nose, soft area in skull
treatment: 999, lie down, neck and body in line, recovery position if unconscious
s s and t of a penatrating chest injury
symp`; difficult painfil breathing
signs: air being sucked in, blue/grey skin colour, coughed up blood,
treatment; 999, comfortable position, lean towards the injured side, dont cover wound,
s s and t of flail chest (multiple broken ribs)
symp`; painful shallow brething, symptoms of fracture
signs: paradoxial chest moverments, flail section moves in when exhales
ttreatmentL: 999, comfortable, lean to injured side, support arm on injured side
treatment for fractured ribs:
sit down, support arm on injured side, hospital
s s and t for eye injuries
symp: itchy, pain, impaired vision
signs`; eye waters, redness swelling, cant open eye
tretment: dont rub eye, spread open wityh finger and thumb, examine, wash out foreign objects water runs away from good eye, appy pad, close good eye too
dont remove foreign body if in coloured part or embedded
treatmwnt of dental injuries
chipped- broken part in cows milk, rinse mouth with warm water
knocked out- pick up by crown and rinse under cold water for 10 secs, place back in socket, if not wrap in cling film or cow milk
why might someone faint
injury, illness, fatigue, hot and stuffy, long periods of standing dtill
s s and t of fainting
symp; nausea, blurred vision, black spots in eyes
signs: pale, sweat, clammy, weak pulse
treatment; about to: breathe deep and slow, lay down and raise legs, sips of water
already fainted: lay and raise legs, check airway, breathing normally, recovery position
what is a stroke
blood clot in brain
s s of stroke
FAST
face- drooped?
arms- raise both arms?
speech- clearly?
time- 999
treatment of a stroke
999, comfortable, lay doen with head and shoulders slightly raised, reassure, monitor, unconscious then put in recovery position
3 types of poisoning
drug abuse
alcohol abuse
release of chemicals or gases
s s and t of poisoning
symp- difficulty breathing, dizzy, nausea, abdominal pain, confusion, head ache
signs- evidence of poisonus substance
unusual smell
vomiting
pale
treatment- safe place, remove cause, rinse mouth out sips of water or milk, 999, if unconscious recovery poistion, cpr required?
gas leak?
999, EAP, do not rescue in closed spaces unless unless breathing apparatus
s s and t of inscet bites and stings
symp- pain
signs- swelling, redness
treatment- brush sting out away from skin using a finger nail or credit card, dont use tweezers
apply cold compress
stings in mouth, suck ice, 999
possibly treatment for anaphylactic shock
what are the 2 conditions of diabetes
hypoglycaemia- too little sugar
hyperglycaemia- too much sugar
s s and t for hypoglycaemia
symp- loss of conc, rapid pulse, faint, trembling of limbs
signs- pale skin, sweating, like drunk
treatment- sit down amd give a sugary drink or glucose tablets
if unconscious, 999, monitor brething
s and t of a seizure
signs- collapse, back may arch, lips blue, jerking movements, eyes roll
treatment-
in water: keep face out of water, dont let heard hit pool side, onec sleep remove from pool and they may sleep, monitor them
out of water- remove objects that could cause injury, protect head, loosen clothing, time
999 if- longer than 5 min, has a 2nd seizure, 1st ever one, does not wake up after ten minutes
s s and t of ansence seizures
symp- jerking, plucking clothes, swallowing repeatedly lip smacking, dazed
treatment- head above water, away from danger, quiet place, wait until they are fully alert
s s and t of heat exhaustion
symp- nausea, loss of appetite, headache, dizzy, muscle cramp
signs- sweating, clammy pale skin
tratment- cool place, sip water, lie down raise legs, cool skin
s s and t of hypothermia
symp- cold, slow pulse, tired
signs- shivering, slurred speech, confusion, pale cold skin
treatment- 999 gentle, warm place, remove wet clothing, comfortable, warm blankets, warm drink
secondary surevey key points
-consent, glove, any pain
check for bleeding, bruising, swelling, bones, deformity, casualty reation, pain
head, mouth, neck,chest, arms, abdomen, pelvis (dont rock) legs, feet
what is the chain of survival
Early recognition
Early CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
Early Defibrillation
Post resuscitation care
What are the 2 slings
support
elevation
