SECTION 3 Flashcards
What role did compasses play in navigation, and where were they invented?
Compasses played a crucial role in navigation, allowing sailors to identify their location at sea. They were invented in China
n: How did compasses impact navigation techniques, particularly in relation to the stars?
Compasses replaced navigation by the stars, providing a more reliable method for sailors regardless of time or weather conditions.
What were the characteristics of full-rigged ships with three masts and 5-6 square sails?
Full-rigged ships had three masts and 5-6 square sails. They were larger, heavier, faster, and more efficient than their predecessors
n what way did full-rigged ships contribute to trade, and what impact did they have on the movement of goods?
Full-rigged ships helped establish the trade of cheaper goods in bulk, facilitating the movement of goods on a larger scale.
What historical era did the use of compasses and full-rigged ships usher in, and what significant consequence followed in Europe?
The use of compasses and full-rigged ships ushered in the Age of Discovery in Europe, leading to significant exploration and expansion.
How did the Age of Discovery impact artists, and what opportunities did it provide them?
The Age of Discovery provided artists with materials from around the world, opening up new possibilities and influences for their art.
ion: Who were the earliest printers, and what material did they use for relief impressions?
The Sumerians were the earliest printers, using relief impressions on clay made from stone seals.
Where did the use of seals spread, and what innovation was introduced in China for printing?
Seals spread to India and then China, where ink was used for printing. Chinese regularly printed books using wooden blocks carved in relief.
Question: What movable type was developed in China, and why was it initially abandoned
Chinese developed movable type but abandoned it due to the wood not being durable enough. Wang Chen reintroduced it in 1297 for the first mass-produced book, Nung Shu, focusing on farming and agriculture.
uestion: Who played a significant role in the mass-production of printed books in Germany around 1440, and what technology did they use?
swer: Johannes Gutenberg played a significant role using a screw-type wine press to print books, opening the doorway to mass-producing printed books.
uestion: How did Gutenberg’s press further evolve, and what method was used to make multiple copies of the same image?
Answer: Gutenberg’s press evolved to make multiple copies from a carved slab of wood, advancing the technology for reproducing images.
Question: What was the impact of increasing literacy on the demand for books, and what were readers looking for?
Answer: As more people became literate, there was a demand for books with both pictures and words, reflecting a desire for comprehensive content.
: Who created the artwork “Melencolia I” in 1514?
A: Albrecht Dürer.
Where was Albrecht Dürer born?
: Nuremberg, Germany.
How did Albrecht Dürer achieve recognition and financial success in his career?
Heavily marketed his prints, became famous, and earned lots of money.
What is “Melencolia I” considered in the context of Albrecht Dürer’s life?
A depiction of his intellectual situation and is considered a self-portrait.
5: What does the winged female figure (Melancholy) in the artwork hold, and what is its significance?
: Melancholy holds a long compass used for drawing circles and measuring distances on maps.
ow is Melancholy’s pose and facial expression depicted in “Melencolia I”?
A: Melancholy’s face is shadowed, and she sits in a pose associated with sadness, connected to intellectual activity and creative genius
What does the child behind Melancholy represent in the artwork?
he child scribbling on a slate represents practical knowledge, symbolizing action without deep thought.
What does the burst of light in “Melencolia I” symbolize?
: The burst of light represents hope, signifying that artists can overcome depression.
What is the alternative name for one-point perspective in art?
It is also known as scientific or one-point perspective.
How does one-point perspective help create the illusion of 3D objects?
Artists use a horizontal line (horizon line) and a vanishing point to mathematically calculate the correct size of objects. Drawing diagonal lines (orthogonals) from the edges to the vanishing point achieves the effect of 3D objects on a flat surface.
: Was one-point perspective used in ancient times as well?
Yes, it was used in the Greco-Roman era, but the knowledge of how to use it was lost until the Renaissance.
Who inventing one-point perspective during the Renaissance?
Filippo Brunelleschi is credited with inventing one-point perspective during the Renaissance.
What marks the significance of one perspective?
This technique marked the start of more scientific thinking in art and is still used by artists today.
Who painted the artwork depicting the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary around 1450–53?
Fra Filippo Lippi.
For which location was Annunciation of the Virgin Mary commissioned?
he Palazzo Medici in Florence.
What does the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary represent?
It depicts the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, including God’s divine blessing with his hand and a white dove.
ow did Lippi use artistic techniques in the painting?
Lippi employed linear perspective, featuring a tiled floor and receding balustrades.
Who proposed a double-shelled design for the Duomo’s huge dome in Florence?
Filippo Brunelleschi.
7: What was unique about Brunelleschi’s design for the cathedral?
It featured a double-shelled design, more common in the Islamic world, supported by eight ribs.
Where were the first users of oil paint located?
In the Netherlands.
During the Renaissance, what type of paint had mostly overtaken egg tempera paint?
Oil paint.
What was the primary component of egg tempera paint?
Pigments mixed into egg yolk.
What were some challenges associated with egg tempera paint?
It was hard to blend colors and create 3D shapes.
hat liquid was often used with oil paint, replacing egg yolk?
Linseed oi
What advantages did oil paint offer over egg tempera?
t allowed artists to layer colors and create almost translucent colors.
: Who is Artemisia Gentileschi?
he was a painter trained by her artist father, known for creating realistic paintings.
What themes is Artemisia Gentileschi known for in her paintings?
: She is known for depicting the strength, passion, and vulnerability of various women.
: Can you provide an example of one of Artemisia Gentileschi’s paintings and its subject?
One of her paintings depicts the aftermath of Judith saving her city by killing the general Holofernes.
What personal experience might have influenced Artemisia Gentileschi’s focus on the power of women?
She was rpaed by another teacher when she was young, which may have contributed to her thematic focus.
: When and where was The Behaim Beaker created?
The Behaim Beaker was created in Venice around 1495.
: What does The Behaim Beaker depict?
It depicts the Behaim family coat of arms alongside Saints Catherine and Michael
Who was it believed to have been commissioned for?(Behim Beaker)
t was believed to have been commissioned for the marriage of Michael IV Behaim and Katharina Locherin.
What were the social statuses of Michael IV Behaim and Katharina Locherin?
Michael was a knight, and Katharina was the daughter of a rich nobleman.
How is the eagle depicted on The Behaim Beaker?
The eagle is depicted like a goose.
What is peculiar about the shield on The Behaim Beaker?
The shield is missing its cutout.
Who is believed to have commissioned the artwork made by the Edo Ethnic Group in the 15-1600s?
It is believed to have been commissioned by Oba Esigie and his son Oba Orhogbua
What does the Benin Plaque with Oba depict?
The artwork depicts courtiers and warriors honoring the Oba, along with various other animals.
hat was the intended purpose of the Benin Plaque with Oda?
The artwork was meant to decorate the king’s palace in Benin City.
How were the artworks originally in terms of color and appearance?(Benin Plaque with Oda)
hey were originally lighter in color and gleamed in the light, creating the impression that the pillars were solid bronze.
hat message do many of these artworks convey about the Oba?
Many of these artworks depict the Oba’s dominance over various animals.
How is the Oba represented in the artwork?
The large head of the Oba, along with his romanticized facial traits, is meant to represent his power.
Who created the Straw Hat in 1782?
The painting was created by Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.
What challenges did Vigée-Lebrun face early in her career
Although she was denied entrance to the French Royal Academy in Paris, she taught herself how to paint. However, her portraits were considered illegal as she was not part of a guild or an academy, leading to the confiscation of her supplies.
What type of paintings did Vigée-Lebrun start with in her career?
he started with portraits.
In the painting created by Vigée-Lebrun in 1782, how is she portrayed
In this painting, she is looking out at the viewer confidently while wearing fine clothing.
What color is emphasized in the painting, adding a sense of serenity?
The painting emphasizes Prussian blue, which adds a sense of serenity.
Who did Vigée-Lebrun marry, and what was the outcome of their marriage?
: She married Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Lebrun and had a daughter. However, she later divorced him because he stole her earnings.
Who created view from the Window at Le Gras
in 1874?
Claude Monet
How many times did Monet paint this particular bridge?
Monet painted this bridge seven different times.
What is the subject of the painting?
The painting shows a bridge with light shining off the water of the Seine in Paris.
What notable characteristics describe the texture in the painting?
The painting shows a great variety of texture, with a smooth sky and clouds, a firm outline and linear brush strokes for the bridge, thicker and rougher strokes for the trees, and multi-colored single strokes for the water.
How does Monet use light to create color in the painting?
The light and reflections in play create a complementary palette of orange and blue.
What was Monet’s focus in this painting?
Monet focused more on painting colors than actually depicting specific objects.
Who created the photograph in 1827? View from the Window at Le Gras
The photograph was created by Nicéphore Niépce.
hat was the initial challenge Niépce faced in his experiment?
Niépce initially created a negative but had difficulty in producing a positive version.
How did Niépce eventually achieve success in fixing images?
Niépce achieved success by copying engravings using sunlight, oil, a pewter plate, bitumen of Judea, exposure to sunlight, and lavender oil.
What method did Niépce use to capture the photograph?
He used a portable camera obscura to capture a blurry image of the view outside his window
Why is this work significant in the history of photography?
This work is considered the first direct positive image and the oldest surviving permanent photograph.
Who brought daguerreotypes to the United States?
Samuel Morse introduced daguerreotypes to the United States.
What made daguerreotypes popular in the United States?
Daguerreotypes became very popular as family mementos.
How do daguerreotypes differ from other photos over time?
. Unlike other photos, daguerreotypes don’t fade over time.
Who is the subject of the daguerreotype mentioned in the text?
Frederick Douglass is the subject of the daguerreotype.
: Why did Frederick Douglass desire a daguerreotype?
Frederick Douglass wanted a daguerreotype to preserve his true likeness.
hat was Douglass’s reason for choosing a daguerreotype over a white painter?
: Douglass chose a daguerreotype over a white painter because he wanted an accurate portrayal.
How did Douglass challenge negative stereotypes in his repeated photos?
: Douglass challenged negative stereotypes by maintaining a serious and intellectual demeanor in his repeated photos.
Who created the Penn Station Interior around 1935–38
: Berenice Abbott created the photograph.
What was the focus of Abbott’s documentation in this time period?
Abbott documented the urbanization of New York around this time period.
How did Abbott initially start her work, and where did she later get funding from?
Abbott started working independently and later received funding from the Federal Art Project.
What does the Penn Station capture?
The photograph captures the interior of the train hall in Pennsylvania Station.
How did Abbott emphasize the glass and iron ceiling in the photograph?
: Abbott tilted the camera upwards to exaggerate the soaring glass and iron ceiling
What effect did the long exposure time have on the photograph(Penn train)?
: The long exposure time highlighted tonal contrasts between light and dark.
Why are there fewer individuals than usual in the photograph?
Due to the extended exposure, only a few people remained still, resulting in fewer individuals in the bustling train hall.
What role did Moses Williams play in the creation of the artwork?
Moses Williams, a mixed-race and enslaved man, operated a physiognotrace in Peale’s Museum in Philadelphia and became skilled at quickly cutting out machine-drawn profiles.
How did Williams use the fees he earned from cutting profiles?
: Williams kept the fees to buy his freedom.
Why were silhouettes popular among everyday Americans?
Silhouettes were popular because they were cheap to produce.
What is unique about this form of portraiture mentioned in the text?(Moses Williams)
: This form of portraiture was the first widely used and democratic.
What type of artwork is Moses Williams?
silloute
Who created the Horse in Motion around 1878?
he photograph was created by Eadweard Muybridge.
What question did Horse in Motion aim to answer?
The photograph aimed to answer the question: Can all four of a horse’s feet be off the ground when it’s running?
: Who commissioned the photograph, and what did he believe?
Leland Stanford commissioned the photograph, believing in the possibility of all four horse’s feet being off the ground while running.
What technology did Muybridge use to capture the photograph?
Muybridge used his own advanced electronic shutter with speeds up to 1/1000th of a second.
5: What did Muybridge capture in the stop-motion photos?
Muybridge captured different points in the horse’s running motion.
: Who created the Magnet TV in 1965?
Nam June Paik created the artwork.
What is notable about Paik’s use of television in this artwork?
k pioneered the use of television as an art form.
: How did Paik treat the TV screen in this artwork?
Paik treated the TV screen like a canvas.
What modifications did Paik make to the Magnet TV?
Paik rewired the Magnet TV to disrupt broadcast messages and added a horseshoe on top.
: What effect did the metal object have on the TV signals?
The metal object interfered with TV signals, creating distorted geometric shapes on the screen
Initially, what could viewers do with the magnet in the artwork?
ially, viewers could move the magnet to create patterns.
: Who created sculptures from car scraps in 1962?
John Chamberlain created sculptures from car scraps in 1962.
What elements are showcased in these sculptures?
The sculptures showcase elements like exhaust pipes, gaskets, and doors from cars.
: What do some believe these sculptures might symbolize?(velvet white=cars)
Some believe these sculptures might symbolize U.S. car crashes.
hat is the suggested critique behind these sculptures?(velvet white)
hey are seen as a critique of American consumerism and the cultural fascination with cars.
hat is unique about these sculptures for John Chamberlain?(velvet white)
These sculptures are unique for Chamberlain because they lack his usual bright colors.
