Section 3 Flashcards
bias
when someone believes a conclusion even if there is evidence against it based on an idea that they already have.
principle of charity
interpreting someone else’s reasoning the best that you can; trying to understand their reasoning before jumping to the idea that they are biased.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to seek out evidence that supports your own reasoning while ignoring evidence that goes against it. This makes for a biased and potentially incorrect argument.
Cognitive Bias
the way that we naturally categorize the world around us and make sense of the world.
Alief
Automatic belief like attitudes that can explain how instinct can conflict with reasoning.
Heuristic
Rule of thumb, ready strategy, shortcut in action. Something that usually works but might not always.
Concept
Lumping ideas together makes a concept.
Algorithm
More specific way of thinking that takes longer than heuristics but guarantees a solution.
belief perseverance
tendency to cling to initial beliefs or concepts despite evidence leading to the contrary
availability heuristic
runs on quickness and vividness to recall
representativeness heuristic
something familiar giving you a prejudice based on nearest idea in your head (eg robber = man in ski mask)
anchoring and adjustment
anchoring to the first piece of information available to us and adjusting our idea from there.
algorithm bubble
online algorithm that keeps you in your information bubble, only getting certain things pushed out to you.
selection bias
when the sample does not represent the total population.
self selection
another form of selection bias
selective reporting
skewing the way that something is reported so that it comes across the way that one wants it to. could involve making something look better or worse than it actually is to make people believe what you do.
stratified random sampling
splitting population into groups of interest and picking people from each group so that everyone is properly represented
snowball sampling
people currently involved are asked to recruit people they know from the population of interest.
census
survey that samples an entire population. gets info that would otherwise be difficult to get.
strong inductive generalization
a generalization based on an adequate number of relevant cases.
