Section 2.2 Fundamental Components of Soil

Question 1

Fundamental Components of Soil
This is called a

A B C are called

Answer 1

SOIL PROFILE

Soil Horizons

Question 2

 Refer to “A3” of your Lecture Supplement for more information

 Components of Soil include:

1. – M
2. – O
3. – W
4. – A

Answer 2

1. – Minerals
2. – Organic Matter
3. – Water
4. – Air

Question 3

Non-living crystalline compounds found in rocks.

The main solid component of most soils Include:

1. – Primary
2. – S and
3. – C M

What has the smallest amount in rocks?

Most?

Answer 3

1. – Primary
2. – Secondary and
3. – Carbonate Minerals

organic material 5%

minerals 45%

(Water 25% Air 25%)

Question 4

Primary Minerals

1. Relatively unchanged since forming from ?
2. What is a common primary mineral found in sand sized particles?
3. What contributes to MOVEMENT of water and air through soils because of their larger size?
4. but Primary Mnerals provide ___ fertility and water holding

Answer 4

1. lava
2. Quartz
3. Primary Minerals
4. poor

Question 5

Secondary Minerals:

1. Form from the weathering (?) of primary minerals
2. What is the DOMINANTmineral among the fine (clay) soil particles?
3. Secondary Minerals improve soil F and
4. W holding

T/F:
Secondary Minerals are the breakdown particles of primary minerals

Answer 5

1. breakdown
2. SECONDARY MINERALS
3. Fertility
4. Water

T

Question 6

?

Answer 6

Clay

Question 7

The general relationship between

?

1. High clay + low quartz and primary =
2. equal parts=
3. low clay + high quartz and other primary

Answer 7

The general relationship between

particle size and mineral composition

1. High clay + low quartz and primary = clay
   
   • (Lacustrine)
2. equal parts = silt
   
   • (Eolia)
3. low clay + high quartz and other primary = gravel and sand
   
   • (fluvial)

Question 8

Carbonate Minerals

1. What does Carbonite Minerals mainly consist of?
2. Where do Carbonite Minerals originate from ?
3. What do Carbonite Minerals maintain ???
4. Very high carbonate levels may interfere with ? growth
5. Carbonates can be detected with dilute ?(effervescence)

Answer 8

1. calcite and dolomite
2. limestone bedrock
3. alkaline soil pH
4. plant
5. HCl

Question 9

About Carbonite Minerals…

 Mainly ? and ? which originate from limestone bedrock

 Maintain a soil a pH

 Very high ? levels may interfere with plant growth

 Carbonates can be ? with dilute HCl (effervescence)

Answer 9

calcite and dolomite

alkaline

carbonate

detected

Question 10

Answer 10

Carbonite

Question 11

Organic Matter

• Plant, animal and ? residues
• “Active organic matter” is readily ?
• “H____” is resistant to decomposition

Answer 11

• microbial
• decomposed
• Humus

Question 12

Organic Material

 Plant, animal and microbial residues

 “?AOM?” is readily decomposed

 “Humus” is

Answer 12

Active organic matter

resistant to decomposition

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Active and Resistant Organic Matter

Answer 14

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

 Benefits of Organic Matter

– Breaks down to supply plant n________

– Enhances soil _____ by binding s____ p_____together

– Provides food source for M________

Answer 16

nutrients

structure ….. soil particles

Microbes

Question 17

?

Answer 17

Organic Matter

 Benefits of Organic Matter

1. – Breaks down to supply plant nutrients
2. – Enhances soil structure by binding soil particles together
3. – Provides food source for microbes

Question 18

Organic Matter

 Benefits of Organic Matter

– Breaks down to s____ p____ n_______

– E_____ s_____ s_______ by binding soil particles together

– Provides f_____ s_____ for m_______

Answer 18

supply plant nutrients

Enhances soil structure

food source for microbes

Question 19

Soil Water:

• Is the water held in pore spaces by the combined forces of adhesion and cohesion
  
  • Adhesion is the attractive force between a w m and the s p s
  • Cohesion is the attraction between two ____ ____

Answer 19

water molecules and the soil particle surface

water molecules

Question 20

Soil Reservoir

 The total water held in pore spaces against gravity is called “the s___ r_____”

Answer 20

soil reservoir

Question 21

SOIL Water

• Is the water held in ? ?
• by the combined forces of adhesion and cohesion –
  
  • ? is the attractive force between a water molecule and the soil particle surface
  • Cohesion is the attraction between two water molecules
  • The total water held in pore spaces against gravity is called ?

Answer 21

pore spaces

Adhesion

“the soil reservoir”

Question 22

Soil Water is:

Answer 22

the water held in pore spaces by the combined forces of adhesion and cohesion

Question 23

1. Soil Water is…
2. Adhesion is…
3. Cohesion is…
4. “the soil reservoir” is…

Answer 23

1. the water held in pore spaces by the combined forces of adhesion and cohesion
2. the attractive force between a water molecule and the soil particle surface
3. the attraction between two water molecules
4. The total water held in pore spaces against gravity

Question 24

?

Answer 24

Question 25

Sand-sized Soil Particles  Have relatively low total S A with which to retain water  Sandy soils provide P W H but good drainage

Answer 25

surface areas poor water holding

Question 26

Talk about pic

Answer 26

Sand-sized Soil Particles ## Footnote  Have **relatively low total surface area**s with which to retain water  Sandy soils provide **poor water holding but good drainage**

Question 27

Answer 27

Clay Textured Soils

Question 28

?

Answer 28

**Clay Textured Soils**

Question 29

**Clay Textured Soils:** *  Clay soils have **large total surface areas** and retain ?? * Much of the water in clay textured soils may be held so tightly that it is U\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for _____ \_\_\_\_\_ however.

Answer 29

more water​ **unavailable** for **plant use**

Question 30

Clay Textured Soils  Clay soils have large **total surface areas and retain more ?** – Much of the water in clay textured soils **may be held so tightly that** it is ? for plant use however. – Medium textured soils tend to have the best combination of.... whc for pg

Answer 30

**water** unavailable water holding characteristics for plant growth

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

**_Soil Air_** ## Footnote  Is not **i** so its **_composition varies from place to place_**

Answer 32

**interconnected**

Question 33

What is **not interconnected** so its **composition varies from place to placeplace to place?**

Answer 33

**SOIL AIR**

Question 34

What has... * – relative humidity near 100% * – a **higher CO2 content than the atmosphere** * – reduced O2 content compared to atmosphere

Answer 34

SOIL AIR

Question 35

* – Sandy soils replenish ___ \_\_\_ more rapidly than clay textured soils * – ? soils reduce air flow and promote the buildup of **toxic gases from anaerobic decomposition** * – Tillage of wet soils leads to compaction which reduces pore space and slows ? movement

Answer 35

soil air Waterlogged **air**

Question 36

Soil Air Is not interconnected so its _____ varies from place to place – 1. Has relative humidity near % 2. Has a higher CO2 content than the 3. Has reduced ? content compared to atmosphere 4. Sandy soils **replenish soil air more rapidly** than cts 5. **Waterlogged** soils reduce air flow and promote the buildup of...TGfAD 6. Tillage of wet soils leads to ? which reduces pore space and slows ??

Answer 36

composition * 1. 100% * 2. atmosphere * 3. O2 * * 4. CLAY **T**EXTURED **S**OILS * 5. toxic gases from anaerobic decomposition * 6. compaction ... air movement

Question 37

What is Soil? * **3D natural body of u m on the surface of the earth** * subjected to, and influenced by **pm c biotic i** and **t** * the genetic and environmental factors of and characteristics from the **parent materials (pm or pgm)** from which it was derived and is capable of supporting the growth of land plants.

Answer 37

**unconsolidated matter** ## Footnote **parent material, climate, biotic influences and topography**

Question 38

? ## Footnote has been all acting **over a period of time to produce** a product that **differs in** 1. **p** 2. **c** 3. **b** 4. **morphological and** 5. **mineralogical properties**

Answer 38

Soil ## Footnote 1. **physical,** 2. **chemical,** 3. **biological,**

Question 39

the 3D natural body of unconsolidated matter on the surface of the earth is the definition of

Answer 39

SOIL

Question 40

Answer 40

Question 41

What is a simple definition of Soil?

Answer 41

* Unconsolidated * Occurs Naturally * Has Distinct Layers

Question 43

Simple definition of soil? A cross section of soil showing A,B and C horizons is known as a "\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_"

Answer 43

OCCURS NATURALLY unconsoludated, distinct layers, “soil profile”