Section 2: Colonial Agricultural Period

Question 1

Medieval Warm Period (4)

Answer 1

400 - 1600 AD
temp went up 2 degrees
“productive period”
pre-contact

Question 2

LIA: Little Ice Age

Answer 2

14th-19th century
start before Columbus arrive

Question 3

Causes of LIA (4)

Answer 3

no solar flares/sun spots (Maunder minimum)
sulfur deposits from volcano eruption
disruption in ocean currents (glacier melt and move)
decrease in agriculture,reforestation

Question 4

Societal impacts of LIA (3)

Answer 4

Great Famine
Bubonic Plague
Witch Hunt

Question 5

Weather patterns during LIA (4)

Answer 5

decrease summer mean temp
increase variability rain/frost
shortened growing period
increase frequency crop failure

Question 6

Virgin Soil Hypothesis

Answer 6

lack of defense to new disease

Question 7

3 options of socio-economic adaptation

Answer 7

Minimize crop failure
Minimize consequences of crop failure
Abandon agriculture

Question 8

socio-economic adaptation
Minimize crop failure (4)

Answer 8

lower land slopes
near water bodies
indoor storage (artifacts)
build forts (defense)

Question 9

socio-economic adaptation
Minimize consequences of crop failure (2)

Answer 9

diversify subsistence (plant -> meat)
dietary transition

Question 10

socio-economic adaptation
Abandon agriculture (3)

Answer 10

farmers to 100 hunters
technology innovation (horsebacks)
social reorganization (small, mobile groups)

Question 11

Punctuated Change (2 shifts)

Answer 11

1st shift: LIA (forced to change subsistence)
2nd shift: ideology of domination, Manifest Destiny (adaptation under duress)

Question 12

LHM

Answer 12

Lord Have Mercy on savages

Question 13

Period of Cooperation (3)

Answer 13

Military alliances
Trade
Mutual assistence

Question 14

Western Expansion (2)

Answer 14

Ideology of Domination
Manifest Destiny

Question 15

Ideology of Domination

Answer 15

savages are dangerous, get rid of them by killing bisons

Question 16

Manifest Destiny

Answer 16

God’s will, justify western expansion, railroad tracks

Question 17

Reasons of eradication of Bisons (4)

Answer 17

savagery to barbarism
entertainment
rely on govmt
Yellowstone park

Question 18

Used agriculture as colonial tool through (2)

Answer 18

Treaties
Agricultural provisions

Question 19

Treaties (2)

Answer 19

Peace and Friendship (GB and FN)
Numbered

Question 20

Numbered treaties 1-11

Answer 20

surrender land for farming benefits

Question 21

Agricultural provisions (3)

Answer 21

lands
resources
training

Question 22

Home Farm Program (1878)

Answer 22

Ontario agents
teach indigenous farming
fail bc they don’t know how to farm in plains
women support men

Question 23

Social engineering and directed cultural change

Answer 23

influence attitudes to produce desired characteristic

Question 24

Directed cultural change (3)

Answer 24

Report on farm practices
Metis Rehabilitation farm colonies
File Hills Farm Colony

Question 25

Metis Rehabilitation Farm Colony (1900s)

Answer 25

road allowance to Green Lake (segregation)
fail bc: Govmt vs. church

Question 26

File Hills Farm Colony (1898 - 1949)

Answer 26

residential school (80acres)
Church and govmt
women support men

Question 27

How did indigenous success in farming (2)

Answer 27

used to harsh weather
collective land and labour

Question 28

Public opposition to indigenous success (3)

Answer 28

unfair competition
Europeans are not collective
inevitable govmt support

Question 29

Government policies to undermine success (8)

Answer 29

Home Farm Program
Severity
PFP
Permit
Pass
Greater production campaign
Soldier Settlement Act
CP

Question 30

Severity Policy

Answer 30

change treaty formula
40 acres per person, max 160
high quality land put on lease for Europeans

Question 31

Peasant Farm Policy (PFP)

Answer 31

take away plow and resources
“FN are peasants, use digging sticks”

Question 32

Permit

Answer 32

legal
Indian agent
sell outside reserve

Question 33

Pass

Answer 33

Indian agent
to go outside reserve
harassed

Question 34

Greater Production Campaign

Answer 34

fake goal: increase food production
give more land to settlers by building govmt run farms in reserves

Question 35

Soldier Settlement Act

Answer 35

160 acres to veterans

Question 36

Certificate of Possession

Answer 36

FN veterans privitise

Question 37

Unfulfilled treaties (2)

Answer 37

Treaty Land Entitlement
Agricultural Benefits Claims

Question 38

Trends in SK farming (3)

Answer 38

less farms
bigger size farms
only 2% FN

Question 39

Modern days
Barriers of Entry (5)

Answer 39

Farming heritage
On-reserve land ownership
high capital requirements
lack of credit access
flawed leasing requirements

Question 40

2 types of flawed leasing requirements

Answer 40

CIRNAC
Buckshee

Question 41

CIRNAC

Answer 41

legal, managed by govmt
take 1-2 yrs to receive payment from govmt

Question 42

Buckshee

Answer 42

informal
get payment right away
CP money goes to individual, not FN

Question 43

Problems of Buckshee (4)

Answer 43

financial risk
lack of control
discourage land improvements
money below market lease

Question 44

SRC: Sprott Resource Corporation
What was their goal?

Answer 44

oil/gas company in Toronto
wanted agricultural industry, deal with FN through OEF promises
prevent other companies establish farming operations in prairies

Question 45

OEF: One Earth Farms
6 promises

Answer 45

equity to FN
10yr long term lease
fair lease price
hire FN
job training
UofS

Question 46

Negatives of OEF (5)

Answer 46

short investments for flip
poor management
initial investment too big
SRC not give back ownership to FN
FN hedge bets

Question 47

Positives of OEF (4)

Answer 47

OEF lease protected by CIRNAC
land survey -> recordings
new farm enterprise
fair market lease

Question 48

BSE: Mad cow crisis (2003)

Answer 48

wanham Alberta
loss in Canadian economy

Question 49

Support for non-FN vs. support for FN
during BSE

Answer 49

provincial and federal aid 2.5 billion
FN not eligible: no tax documentation