Section 1 Flashcards
Positionality
your social and political status that defines your identity
Indigenous people in Canada (2)
- First inhabitants of canada
- Specific rights based on their historical ties to particular territory, their cultural/historical distinctiveness from other populations
3 universal stages of human evolution
Unilineal evolution
Savagery (hunting, gathering)
Barbarism (agriculture, pastoralism)
Civilization (ag tech, merchants)
Flawed social theory
Shifting Cultivation
“slash and burn”
considered primitive
European attitudes towards plow technology
digging sticks primitive
sustainable
plow vs. digging sticks
Eurocentric bias
Doctrine of Discovery
Christianity
develop ‘vacant’ land
political motivation
Terra Nullius
territory without master
False Narrative
false stories
once in head hard to change
Terra Nullius
When did Peopling of North America happen
When
15000 yrs ago
Peopling of North America
How
Bering land bridge
Peopling of North America
What were the two routes?
- coastal route
- ice-free corridor
Peopling of North America
How did it influence the BC coast?
cultural diversity and complexity
Human ecology
interaction between nature and humans through human’s exploitation of natural resources
Subsistence
non-monetary exploitation of environmental resources through harvesting activities (hunting, gathering, fishing)
Adaptation
exploiting natural resources of the given environment
Stereotype of the Northern Plains subsistence
they only hunt bison
Subsistence and Adaptation
Mixed economics
People of coasts not only fish but hunt and agriculture
Attractors
learn
Repellors
maladaptive behaviour
TEK: Traditional Ecological Knowledge
cumulative and dynamic
passed through generations
Domesticated landscapes (continuum of influence)
subtle manipulation (harvesting barks)
agronomic knowledge (Three sisters)
extensive/intensive management (using fire)
Punctuated subsistence change
period of time that needs adaptation
Paleoethnobotany
old / culture / plant
City of Cahokia
mecca of agriculture
1000 years ago
first city in Mexico
community-wide feasting
change of subsistence to maize
isotopic significance
turtle island move to cahokia
mound 51: persimmon mound
Culture area concept
antiquarianism
anthropology
Antiquarianism
study of history through collection of objects
Anthropology
study of humans
BIology
Sociocultural
LInguistics
Archaeology
Archaeology
study of humans through material culture
Clark Wisler (1900s)
museum collection, by traits
plain woodlands
Plains (3)
well stratified
point sequence (discrete layers of soil)
hunter-gatherer subsistence
Boreal (3)
poor point sequence
not enough research done
forager
Hunter
General Laws of Society (1960s)
Ethnoarchaeology
Gatherer
Past Processual Archaeology (1980s)
Plain woodlands (3)
Missouri: bison, pottery
Eastern Dakora: mixed economics, bell shape, bison scapula hoe
Lockport site, red river: dam, trade
Plant cultivation (3)
long period of time
direct observation
seed keeper
Three sisters complex
beans: nitrogen fixation
squash: no pests
maize: allow bean to grow
+sunflower: no pests/birds
Benefits of Mound (4)
more sunlight
drainage (no frost)
less weed
large amount of crops
preparation and storage
underground storage
understand weather (heat flat stone)
Plant Cultivation
Tenure system
permanent agriculture (20-25 yrs)
privatised farm areas (against Terra Nullius)
Labour
women or slaves
Wild rice
manomin
good seed
3 month
seasonal
TEK (elders)
Similarities between WIld Rice and Three SIsters
usufruct rights
TEK
Process of Wild Rice
Binding
Knocking (sustainable)
Drying
Parching (stir in iron pot)
Hulling (remove shells)
Winnowing (remove sheath by wind)
S
Similarities between WIld Rice and Acorns
opportunistic
not intensive management
CRK: Cutural Resource Keystones (7)
intensity
naming
region do not matter
persistent throughout punctuated change
narratives, symbolism
no substitutes
cultural identity
Indigenous Resource Management
paradigm deeply engaged in shaping and sustainably managing plants
Degrees of Management (3)
control and domination
concentric base
deep management
Deep Management
Nancy turner
range of caretaking ~ intensive
through oral story
Characteristics of Plant management in BC
create complexity in diversity
organized, systematic, sustainable
Examples of Plant Management in BC (5)
Estuarine Salish Root gardens
Salt Marsh Cross section
Forest gardens
Red and Yellow cedar
Pyrotechnology
Estuarine Salish Root gardens
wapato
subtle management
Salt Marsh Cross sections
wetland
Edible Rhizomes
subtle management
Forest gardens
intensive management
Yellow cedar
scarring = culturally modified trees
subtle management
Pyrotechnology
low intensity
small scale
only top layer
depend on season (predictability)
