section 2: classification of skills

Question 1

an educated guess- reflects general problem statement/question that was the motivation for asking the research question in the 1st place

Answer 1

hypothesis

Question 2

what is the guide for the creation of a hypothesis

Answer 2

research question

Question 3

states there is NO relationship between variables you are studying

Answer 3

null hypothesis

Question 4

a null hypothesis is a statement on ______. meaning there will always have the word no in the statement

Answer 4

equality

Question 5

null hypothesis is represented by

Answer 5

H0

Question 6

why do you need a null hypothesis?

Answer 6

-states what is true in absence of other information
-provides benchmark against which observed outcomes can be compared (to see if differences are due to other factors)

Question 7

another name for null hypothesis

Answer 7

outcome hypothesis

Question 8

definite statement that there is a relationship between variables

Answer 8

research hypothesis

Question 9

research hypothesis is a statement on ______. meaning there is a difference/relationship

Answer 9

inequality

Question 10

research hypothesis is represented by

Answer 10

H1 or Ha

Question 11

null vs research
no relationship between variable–>
refers to population –>
indirectly tested–>
implied hypothesis–>

Answer 11

relationship between variables
refers to the sample
directly tested
explicit hypothesis

Question 12

another name for research hypothesis

Answer 12

alternative hypothesis

Question 13

testing theories using numbers–> measuring

Answer 13

quantitative method

Question 14

testing theories using language–> describing

Answer 14

qualitative method

Question 15

research method that is a search through records of the past to determine what happened and why

Answer 15

historical research

Question 16

research method that involves manipulating and controlling events and variables to solve a problem

Answer 16

experimental research

Question 17

research method that involves describing events or conditions which the researcher does not actively manipulate

Answer 17

descriptive research

Question 18

which variable is the proposed cause, predictor, and is manipulated in experiments

Answer 18

independent variable

Question 19

another name for independent variable

Answer 19

determining variable

Question 20

which variable is the proposed effect, outcome, and is measured

Answer 20

dependent variable

Question 21

another name for dependent variable

Answer 21

outcome variable

Question 22

process of observing and recording an observation–> involves assigning markers, symbols, and values to a observed phenomena

Answer 22

measurement

Question 23

three things to consider of your measurement:

Answer 23

1. validity
2. reliability
3. level of error

Question 24

describe the validity of a measurement

Answer 24

does the instrument measure what it is supposed to measure, is it accurate, is it actually measuring what it is intended to measure (e.g. weight scale measuring body weight)

Question 25

describe reliability in measurement

Answer 25

ability of measure to produce the same results under the same conditions

Question 26

is validity a necessary and sufficient condition of measure? if not, why?

Answer 26

it is necessary but NOT sufficient--> to be valid the instrument must be 1st reliable

Question 27

why classify motor skills? 3 reasons

Answer 27

1. provides basis so that problems can be identified 2. identify demands different skills place on learner/performer 3. provides basis for developing principles related to preforming and learning skills

Question 28

4 classifications of motor skills

Answer 28

1. 4 1D systems 2. environmental context 3. function of the action 4. gentile's 2D taxonomy

Question 29

describe movement-action relationship of "many-to-one relationship"

Answer 29

many movements together accomplish same action e.g. walking

Question 30

describe movement-action relationship of "one-to-many relationship"

Answer 30

one movement accomplishes many actions e.g. wax on- wax off

Question 31

2 categories based on the SIZE of primary musculature

Answer 31

gross vs fine motor skills

Question 32

1D classification system that bases skill off of big muscles being used to do a skill

Answer 32

gross motor skills

Question 33

examples of gross motor skills

Answer 33

weight lifting, changing a tire

Question 34

1D classification system that bases skill off of small muscles being used

Answer 34

fine motor skill

Question 35

examples of fine motor skills

Answer 35

buttoning shirt, drawing

Question 36

examples of skills that fall between fine and gross motor skills

Answer 36

driving a car, shooting pool

Question 37

type of 1D classification system that specifies where a movement begins or ends

Answer 37

discrete motor skills, serial motor skills, continuous motor skills

Question 38

defined beginning or end of a skill

Answer 38

discrete motor skills

Question 39

a defined start and end but continuous in the middle

Answer 39

serial motor skill

Question 40

the skill does not have a strong start or end

Answer 40

continuous skill

Question 41

2 skills involved in the 3rd 1D classification system that is based on environmental context

Answer 41

closed motor skill and open motor skill

Question 42

category of environment that involves a stationary supporting surface, object, other people; performer determines when to begin the action

Answer 42

closed motor skill

Question 43

example of closed motor skill

Answer 43

picking up a cup while seated at a table

Question 44

open motor skill involves supporting surface, object, or person is in _______; environmental features determine when to begin action

Answer 44

motion

Question 45

example of open motor skill

Answer 45

catching a thrown ball

Question 46

a classification system organized according to relationships among the component characteristics of what is being classified

Answer 46

taxonomy

Question 47

2 general characteristics of Gentile's 2D taxonomy

Answer 47

1. environmental context 2. function of action

Question 48

4 parts to the environmental context of gentile's taxonomy of tasks

Answer 48

1. regulatory conditions 2. stationary or in motion 3. inter-trail variability 4. non-regulatory conditions

Question 49

regulatory conditions are features of the _______ to which movement must _____. e.g. object, surfaces, other people

Answer 49

environment, conform

Question 50

part of environmental context: variations in regulatory conditions from one trial to the next

Answer 50

inter-trial variability

Question 51

true or false: non regulatory conditions are features of the environment that affect the task

Answer 51

false, they do not affect the task