section 2: classification of skills Flashcards
an educated guess- reflects general problem statement/question that was the motivation for asking the research question in the 1st place
hypothesis
what is the guide for the creation of a hypothesis
research question
states there is NO relationship between variables you are studying
null hypothesis
a null hypothesis is a statement on ______. meaning there will always have the word no in the statement
equality
null hypothesis is represented by
H0
why do you need a null hypothesis?
-states what is true in absence of other information
-provides benchmark against which observed outcomes can be compared (to see if differences are due to other factors)
another name for null hypothesis
outcome hypothesis
definite statement that there is a relationship between variables
research hypothesis
research hypothesis is a statement on ______. meaning there is a difference/relationship
inequality
research hypothesis is represented by
H1 or Ha
null vs research
no relationship between variable–>
refers to population –>
indirectly tested–>
implied hypothesis–>
relationship between variables
refers to the sample
directly tested
explicit hypothesis
another name for research hypothesis
alternative hypothesis
testing theories using numbers–> measuring
quantitative method
testing theories using language–> describing
qualitative method
research method that is a search through records of the past to determine what happened and why
historical research
research method that involves manipulating and controlling events and variables to solve a problem
experimental research
research method that involves describing events or conditions which the researcher does not actively manipulate
descriptive research
which variable is the proposed cause, predictor, and is manipulated in experiments
independent variable
another name for independent variable
determining variable
which variable is the proposed effect, outcome, and is measured
dependent variable
another name for dependent variable
outcome variable
process of observing and recording an observation–> involves assigning markers, symbols, and values to a observed phenomena
measurement
three things to consider of your measurement:
- validity
- reliability
- level of error
describe the validity of a measurement
does the instrument measure what it is supposed to measure, is it accurate, is it actually measuring what it is intended to measure (e.g. weight scale measuring body weight)
describe reliability in measurement
ability of measure to produce the same results under the same conditions
is validity a necessary and sufficient condition of measure? if not, why?
it is necessary but NOT sufficient–> to be valid the instrument must be 1st reliable
why classify motor skills? 3 reasons
- provides basis so that problems can be identified
- identify demands different skills place on learner/performer
- provides basis for developing principles related to preforming and learning skills
4 classifications of motor skills
- 4 1D systems
- environmental context
- function of the action
- gentile’s 2D taxonomy
describe movement-action relationship of “many-to-one relationship”
many movements together accomplish same action
e.g. walking
describe movement-action relationship of “one-to-many relationship”
one movement accomplishes many actions
e.g. wax on- wax off
2 categories based on the SIZE of primary musculature
gross vs fine motor skills
1D classification system that bases skill off of big muscles being used to do a skill
gross motor skills
examples of gross motor skills
weight lifting, changing a tire
1D classification system that bases skill off of small muscles being used
fine motor skill
examples of fine motor skills
buttoning shirt, drawing
examples of skills that fall between fine and gross motor skills
driving a car, shooting pool
type of 1D classification system that specifies where a movement begins or ends
discrete motor skills, serial motor skills, continuous motor skills
defined beginning or end of a skill
discrete motor skills
a defined start and end but continuous in the middle
serial motor skill
the skill does not have a strong start or end
continuous skill
2 skills involved in the 3rd 1D classification system that is based on environmental context
closed motor skill and open motor skill
category of environment that involves a stationary supporting surface, object, other people; performer determines when to begin the action
closed motor skill
example of closed motor skill
picking up a cup while seated at a table
open motor skill involves supporting surface, object, or person is in _______; environmental features determine when to begin action
motion
example of open motor skill
catching a thrown ball
a classification system organized according to relationships among the component characteristics of what is being classified
taxonomy
2 general characteristics of Gentile’s 2D taxonomy
- environmental context
- function of action
4 parts to the environmental context of gentile’s taxonomy of tasks
- regulatory conditions
- stationary or in motion
- inter-trail variability
- non-regulatory conditions
regulatory conditions are features of the _______ to which movement must _____.
e.g. object, surfaces, other people
environment, conform
part of environmental context: variations in regulatory conditions from one trial to the next
inter-trial variability
true or false: non regulatory conditions are features of the environment that affect the task
false, they do not affect the task
