section 1: what is motor learning Flashcards
what is the critical aspect of human survival?
human movement
human life is shaped by the ______
capacity for skilled movement
human survival is marked by our ability to
move and move well
specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments; reflexes, muscle contractions
movements
tasks or activities that have specific goals to achieve; actions, goals of motion
skills
term often used synonymously with the term “motor skill”; have a specific goal of an activity
action
3 characteristics of motor skills:
- goal achieved with maximum certainty
- goal achieved under a wide range of conditions
- goal is achieved with minimum effort
what are the three things that affect motor skills?
- the learner
- environment
- nature of the skill
a motor skill development that is based on previous learned skills, level of motivation, age/developmental readiness for skill, psychological characteristics of individual, fitness level, and bodily constraints on movement
the learner
This can affect motor skills: predictability of environment, presence of observers, weather, life background context, constraints on movement possibilities, perceptual elements present
Environment
affects motor skill; performed in isolation vs with others, executed rapidly vs over time, perceptual demands, stable vs unstable changing conditions, use of equipment, rules constraining action
nature of the skill
specific study of how skills are acquired AND controlled (need to have control over the body to perform/learn skills)
motor learning and control
the study of processes involved in acquiring motor skills and variables that promote/inhibit acquisition
motor learning
4 parts of motor learning
- acquisition of new skills
- performance enhancement of already learned skills
- reacquisition of skills after injury/disease
- unlearning–> knowledge does not equal understanding
study of neural, behavioral, environmental, and synergistic mechanisms responsible for human movement and stability
motor control
ALL motor skills are expressions of the __________
motor control system
-need control to have skills
what 2 fields of study/knowledge put together brought about the study of motor learning
neurophysiology and psychology
field of study that helped bring about the study of motor learning; concerned with the neural processes that are associated with (or caused of) movements
neurophysiology
field of study that helped bring about the study of motor learning; concerned with high level skills with very little reference to the neurological mechanisms involved–> more on the why behind movement
Psychology
who proposed that simple reflexes composed a human’s most complex movements? (movement at its core is reflexes)
Sir Charles Sherrington (1857-1952)
who won nobel peace prize (1932) for work in neurophysiology–> discovered the synapse of neurons
Sir Charles Sherrington
A russian physiologist that worked closely with Pavlo that studied movement coordination (variety of movement) and developed degrees of freedom
Nikolai A. Bernstein
What did Bernstein developed?
degrees of freedom problem
psychologist who studied movement accuracy
Paul Fitts
Fitts developed ______
Fitt’s Law
mathmatical model that related speed of movement to accuracy of movement
Fitt’s Law
true or false: Fitt’s law, the faster you do things, the less accurate the movement
true
who pioneered the field of kinesiology as an academic field of study?
Franklin Henry (1904-1993)
what 3 fields of study did Henry combine to advocate an experimental approach to study of movement
physiology, neurophysiology, and psychology
who studied infant movement and was a psychologist
ester thelen
ester thelen applied _________ to study infant motor learning
dynamical system theory
who studies/uses motor learning today?
coaches, PE teachers, trainers, OT therapists, movement scientists, ergonomics designers
