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Biology Paper 1 Bio notes > Section 2: Cell structure > Flashcards

Section 2: Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell-surface membrane?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
  • Selectively permeable - controls passage of substances
  • Barrier between internal and external environments
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2
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, DNA/ chromatin
  • Controls cell activities through transcription of mRNA
  • Nuclear pores allows substances to move
  • Nucleolus makes ribosomes which are made of proteins and ribosomal RNA
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3
Q

What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?

A
  • Double membrane - inner membrane folded to form cristae
  • Matrix containing 70S ribosomes, small circular DNA and enzymes
  • Aerobic respiration producing ATP
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4
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Fluid filled membrane bound sacs with vesicles at the edge
  • Receives proteins from RER
  • Modifies/ processes proteins e.g add carbohydrates
  • Packages into vesicles
  • Makes lysosomes
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5
Q

What is the structure and function of lysosomes?

A
  • Type of golgi vesicle containing lysozymes
  • Breaks down/ hydrolyse pathogens and worn out cell components
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6
Q

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

A
  • Float free in cytoplasm or bound to RER - not membrane bound
  • Made from 1 large and 1 small subunit
  • Site of protein synthesis - translation
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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the RER?

A
  • Ribosomes bound by membranes
  • Folds polypeptides to secondary/ tertiary structure
  • Packages to vesicles, transport to the Golgi
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8
Q

What is the structure and function of SER?

A
  • Similar to RER but without ribosomes
  • Synthesises and processes lipids
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9
Q

What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?

A
  • Thylakoid membranes are stacked up to form grana which are linked by lamellae
  • These sit in the stroma and are surrounded by a double membrane
    • Also contains starch granules and circular DNA
  • Chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis
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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell walls?

A
  • Made of cellulose in plants and algae and chitin in fungi
  • Rigid structure surrounding plant and fungi.
  • Prevents the cell changing shape and bursting lysis
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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell vacuole?

A
  • Contains cell sap - weak solution of sugars and salts
  • Surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast
  • Maintains pressure in the cell
  • Stores/ isolates unwanted chemicals in the cell
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12
Q

What is a tissue?

A
  • Group of organised cells, joined together to perform a particular function
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13
Q

What is an organ and organ system?

A
  • Group of organised tissues, working together to perform a particular function
  • Group of organised organs, working together to perform a particular function
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14
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic = no membrane bound organelles
  • Prokaryotic = no nucleus/ contains free floating DNA
  • Prokaryotic DNA = circular and not associated with proteins. Eukaryotic is
  • Prokaryotic cell walls = murein and peptidoglycan. Eukaryotic = cellulose
  • Prokaryotic = smaller 70s ribosomes, Eukaryotic = 80S
  • Prokaryotic = plasmid, capsule, flagella
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14
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic = no membrane bound organelles
  • Prokaryotic = no nucleus/ contains free floating DNA
  • Prokaryotic DNA = circular and not associated with proteins. Eukaryotic is
  • Prokaryotic cell walls = murein and peptidoglycan. Eukaryotic = cellulose
  • Prokaryotic = smaller 70s ribosomes, Eukaryotic = 80S
  • Prokaryotic = plasmid, capsule, flagella
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15
Q

What are the different structures in a virus?

A
  • Attachment proteins
  • Capsid
  • RNA
  • Reverse Transcriptase
  • Lipid envelope
16
Q

How do you use an optical microscope and what is its resolution and magnification?

A
  • Use light to form 2D image
  • Visible light longer wavelength
  • Magnification = x1500
  • Resolution = 0.2 micrometres
17
Q

Advantages of using an optical microscope:

A
  • Can see living organisms
  • Staining process less complicated and cheaper
18
Q

Disadvantages of using an optical microscope?

A
  • 2D image
  • Only on thin specimens
  • Low resolution - can’t see internal structures
  • Low magnification
19
Q

How to use a scanning electron microscope and what is its magnification and resolution:

A
  • Forms 3D image
  • Beam of electrons scan surface, knocking off electrons from the specimen and are gathered in a cathode ray tube to form an image
  • Electrons have a shorter wavelength = 0.2nm
  • High mag x1500000
20
Q

Advantages of using TEM or SEM:

A
  • SEM = 3D image
  • High resolution
  • High magnification
  • SEM = on thick specimens
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of using SEM:

A
  • Vacuum, can’t see living organisms
  • Lower resolution than TEM
22
Q

How to use a TEM and what is its magnification and resolution?

A
  • Electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons onto a specimen
  • More dense areas = more absorbed
  • Electrons have shorter wavelength, resolution = 0.2nm
  • High mag = x1500000
22
Q

How to use a TEM and what is its magnification and resolution?

A
  • Electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons onto a specimen
  • More dense areas = more absorbed
  • Electrons have shorter wavelength, resolution = 0.2nm
  • High mag = x1500000
23
Q

What is magnification?

A

Magnification - how much bigger the image of a sample is compared to the real size,
measured by

Magnification =

Size of image /
Size of real object

24
Q

What is resolution?

A

Resolution - how well distinguished an image is between 2 points; shows amount of detail;
limited by wavelength of radiation used

25
Q

How do you measure the size of an object viewed with an optical microscope?

A
  • Line up eyepiece graticule with stage
    micrometer
  • Use stage micrometer to calculate the size
    of divisions on eyepiece graticule at a
    particular magnification
  • Take the micrometer away and use the
    graticule to measure how many divisions
    make up the object
  • Calculate the size of the object by multiplying the number of divisions by the size of
    division
  • Recalibrate eyepiece graticule at different magnifications
26
Q

How do you prepare a temporary mount?

A
  • Use tweezers to place a thin section of specimen e.g. tissue on a water drop on a
    microscope slide
  • Add a drop of a stain e.g. iodine in potassium iodide solution used to stain starch grains in
    plant cells
  • Add a cover slip by carefully tilting and lowering it, trying not to get any air bubbles
27
Q

What are the main stages in cell centrifugation?

A
  • Homogenise
  • Filter
  • Ultracentrifuge

Biology Paper 1 Bio notes (9 decks)

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