Section 2 Flashcards
The Greek Case System: functions of the nominative
Subject; predicate nominative; naming things
The Greek Case System: functions of the accusative
Direct object; motion toward; length of space or time
The Greek Case System: functions of the genitive
- One noun limiting or depending on another
- Separation from; motion away from or out of
The Greek Case System: functions of the dative
- Indirect object: ’to’ or ‘for’
- Instrumentality:’by’ or ‘with’. Usually does not require a preposition.
- Place or time when: ‘at’ or ‘in’. Usually requires a preposition such as ἐν. More broadly, absence of motion.
The Greek Case System: functions of the vocative
- Allows the noun to be addressed directly.
The Greek Case System: cases and motion
παρά
(+ acc.) past, along
ἀγαθός -ή -όν
good, noble, courageous
νικάω
win, defeat
τέλος
in the end, finally
ἐμός ή όν
my; mine
λόγος, ὁ
Story, tale (2a)
σκοπέω
look (at), consider
ἀναχωρέω
retreat
ἐπειδή
when
ἐπί
(+acc) at, against, to attack
ταχέως
quickly
ὥσπερ
like, as
ἀπορί-ᾱ, ἡ
perplexity
βο-ή, ἡ
shout
γίγν-ομαι
happen, be made, be born
δουλό-ομαι
enslave
ἔρχ-ομαι
go, come
θεᾱ-ομαι
observe, watch
μάχ-ομαι
fight
τόλμ-α, ἡ
daring, courage
φοβέ-ομαι
be afraid of, fear
What is the middle voice used for?
The middle voice indicates that the subject is both the cause and the focus, the agent and experiencer, of the action expressed by the verb.
Uncontracted middle verb conjugation: ἕρχομαι
1s. ἔρχ-ομαι I go, I am going
2s. ἔρχ-ῃ (-ει) you go, you are going
3s. ἔρχ-εται he/she/it goes/is going
1p. ἐρχ-όμεθα we go, we are going
2p. ἔρχ-εσθε y’all go, y’all are going
3p. ἔρχ-ονται they go, they are going
Middle imperative (based on ἔρχομαι)
s. ἔρχ-ου (s.), ‘go!’
p. ἔρχ-εσθε (pl.), ‘go!’
Contracted middle verbs: θεά-ομαι ‘I watch’
1s. α+ -ομαι → θε-ῶμαι ‘I watch’
2s. α+ -ῃ → θε-ᾷ ‘you watch’
3s. α+ -εται → θε-ᾶται ‘he/she/it watches’
1p. α+ -ομεθα → θε-ώμεθα ‘we watch’
2p. α+ -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε ‘you watch’
3p. α+ -ονται → θε-ῶνται ‘they watch’
Middle imperative:
α + -ου → θε-ῶ (s.), ‘watch!’
α + -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε (pl.), ‘watch!’
Contracted middle verbs: φοβέ-ομαι ‘I fear, am fearing’
1s. ε+ -ομαι → φοβ-οῦμαι I fear
2s. ε+ -ῃ → φοβ-ῇ you fear
3s. ε+ -εται → φοβ-εῖται he/she/it fears
1p. ε+ -ομεθα → φοβ-ούμεθα we fear
2p. ε+ -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε y’all fear
3p. ε+ -ονται → φοβ-οῦνται they fear
Middle imperative:
ε + -ου → φοβ-οῦ (s.), ‘fear!’
ε + -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε (pl.), ‘fear!’
Contracted middle verbs: δουλοῦμαι, ‘I enslave (for myself)’
1s. ο+ -ομαι → δουλ-οῦμαι I enslave
2s. ο+ -ῃ → δουλ-οῖ you enslave
3s. ο+ -εται → δουλ-οῦται he/she/it enslaves
1p. ο+ -ομεθα → δουλ-ούμεθα we enslave
2p. ο+ -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε y’all enslave
3p. ο+ -ονται → δουλ-οῦνται they enslave
Middle imperative:
ο + -ου → δουλ-οῦ (s.), ‘enslave!’
ο + -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε (pl.), ‘enslave!’
First declension nouns: characteristics of types 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D
- 1A-C are all feminine. 1D are masculine.
- ALL types have the same endings in the plural (as per fem. def. art.)
- 1A: endings same as fem def art
- 1B: replace -η with -ᾱ in the s. due to the ρ, ε, ι rule.
- 1C: short α in the s. nom and acc, otherwise as per 1B
- 1D: Two subtypes: η- and -ᾱ in the nom, acc and dat s. endings.
- In the gen and dat of all numbers, an accented ultima takes the circumflex.
Declension of noun type 1A: βοή, ἡ
βοή, ἡ, ‘shout’ (1a)
TYPE 1a nouns have endings in s. and pl. exactly like the f. def. art.
Singular
Nom. βο-ή
Acc. βο-ήν
Gen. βο-ῆς
Dat. βο-ῇ
Plural
Nom. βο-αί
Acc. βο-ᾱς
Gen. βο-ῶν
Dat. βο-αῖς
Declension of noun type 1B: ἀπορία, ή
TYPE 1b nouns replace the -η with -α (pronounced LONG) all the way through the singular. This is because their stem ends in ρ, ε, or ι.
ἀπορία, ἡ, ‘perplexity’ (1b)
s.
Nom. ἀπορί-ᾱ
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱν
Gen. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Dat. ἀπορί-ᾱͅ
pl.
Nom. ἀπορί-αι
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Gen. ἀπορι-ῶν
Dat. ἀπορί-αις
Declension of noun type 1C: θάλαττᾰ, ἡ
Type 1C nouns:
- Show -α in the ending of the nom. and acc. s. (pronounced SHORT);
- Switch to η in the gen. (-ης) and dat. s. (-ῃ: contrast TYPE 1b nouns);
- Usually have a stem ending in σ or a double consonant: but note τόλμ-α-ης
‘daring’ (1c).
θάλαττᾰ, ἡ, ‘sea’ (1c)
s.
Nom. θάλαττ-ᾰ
Acc. θάλαττ-ᾰν
Gen. θαλάττ-ης
Dat. θαλάττ-ῃ
pl.
Nom. θάλαττ-αι
Acc. θαλάττ-ᾱς
Gen. θαλαττ-ῶν
Dat. θαλάττ-αις
Declension of noun type 1D: ναύτης, ὁ variant
- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ης, e.g.
ναύτης, ὁ, ‘sailor’ (1d)
s.
Nom. ναύτη-ς
Acc. ναύτ-ην
Gen. ναύτ-ου
Dat. ναύτ-ῃ
Voc. ναυ̑τ-ᾰ
pl.
Nom. ναῦτ-αι
Acc. ναύτ-ᾱς
Gen. ναυτ-ῶν
Dat. ναύτ-αις
Declension of noun type 1D: νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ variant
- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ας, e.g.
νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ, ‘young man’ (1d)
s.
Nom. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱν
Gen. νεᾱνί-ου
Dat. νεᾱνί-ᾳ
Voc. νεᾱνί-ᾱ
p.
Nom. νεᾱνί-αι
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Gen. νεᾱνι-ῶν
Dat. νεᾱνί-αις
The sandwich construction:
The men’s ship
The events around Salamis
The sandwich construction is the normal order for referring to ‘the X belonging to Y:
- τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πλοῖον ‘the of-the men ship’
- τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα πράγματα, ‘the around Salamis events’
But all the following are also acceptable:
- τὸ πλοῖον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship of-the men’
- τὸ πλοῖον τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship the [one] of-the men’
- τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ πλοῖον ‘of-the men the ship’
The repeated article construction:
Whose ship do you see?
The repeated article construction can be used to answer a question such as ‘whose ship do you see?’:
- τὸ πλοῖον ὁρῶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ‘It is the men’s ship I see.’ (lit. ‘The ship I see the [one] of the men.’)
Article + preposition constructions
The events around Salamis
The men in Salamis
The women in the Piraeus
In Greek the def. art. + prepositional phrase can be used as an equivalent of a noun:
- τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα, ‘the [n. pl., i.e.] things/events around Salamis’
- οἱ ἐν Σαλαμῖνι, ‘the [m. pl., i.e.] men in Salamis/those in Salamis’
- αἱ ἐν τῷ Πειραιεῖ, ‘the [f. pl., i.e.] women in the Piraeus’
Ἀθεναῖος, ὁ
Athenian (2a)
ἀναχωρέω
retreat
ἀπορέ-ω
be at a loss; have no resources
αὖθις
again
βάρβαρος, ὁ
barbarian, foreigner (2a)
βέβαιος α (long) ον
secure
βραδέως
slowly
διά
(+ acc) because of
διέρχομαι (δειλθ-)
go through, (metaphorically) to relate
ἐλευθερίᾱ, ἡ
freedom (1b)
ἐλεύθερος α ον
free
ἐλευθερόω
set free
ἑμός
my, mine
ἐπειδή
when
ἐπέρχομαι (ἐπελθ-)
go against, attack
ἔρχομαι (ἐλθ-)
go, come
ἡδέως
with pleasure, happily
ἤδη
by now, now, already
ἡσυχάζω
be quiet, keep quiet
ἡσυχίᾱ, ἡ
quiet, peace (1b)
θεά (long α), ἡ
goddess (1b)
θεά-ομαι
watch, observe
κάλλιστος η ον
most/very fine/beautiful/good
λόγος, ὁ
story, tale (2a)
μάχομαι, (μαχεσα-)
fight
ναυμαχίᾱ, ἡ
naval battle (1b)
νικάω
win, defeat
νίκε, ἡ (long ι)
victory
ὁμόνοια, ἡ
harmony, agreement (1b)
ὅσος η ον
how great / how many
πίπτο (πεσ-) (long ι)
fall (as in die)
πολέμιοι, οἱ
the enemy (2a)
πολέμιος ᾱ ον
hostile, enemy
πόλεμος, ὁ
war (2a)
πότερον… ἢ…
whether… or….
προσέρχομαι, (προσελθ-)
advance, go/come towards
σιωπά-ω
be silent
σκοπέ-ω
look at, watch (active)
look into, consider, examine (middle)
στρατιά, ἡ (long α)
army (1b)
τι (no accent)
a, something
τολμάω
dare, be daring, undertake
φοβέομαι
fear, be afraid of
ψευδῶς
falsley
The active, middle and passive voices
Active: describes what the subject does to the object
Middle: describes what the subject does for or to himself (often does not have an object)
Passive: describes what is done to the subject
αεἴδω
sing of; sing
ὀλίγος η ον
small, few
οὕτως
in this way
ζητέ-ω
seek, seek for
οἱ μὲν… οἱ δὲ…
some (of the men)… others…
ἔνθα και ἔνθα
“here and here”; back and forth / this way and that
ἡμέρα, ἡ
day (1b)
