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Reading Greek - JACT > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Greek Case System: functions of the nominative

A

Subject; predicate nominative; naming things

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2
Q

The Greek Case System: functions of the accusative

A

Direct object; motion toward; length of space or time

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3
Q

The Greek Case System: functions of the genitive

A
  1. One noun limiting or depending on another
  2. Separation from; motion away from or out of
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4
Q

The Greek Case System: functions of the dative

A
  1. Indirect object: ’to’ or ‘for’
  2. Instrumentality:’by’ or ‘with’. Usually does not require a preposition.
  3. Place or time when: ‘at’ or ‘in’. Usually requires a preposition such as ἐν. More broadly, absence of motion.
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5
Q

The Greek Case System: functions of the vocative

A
  1. Allows the noun to be addressed directly.
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6
Q

The Greek Case System: cases and motion

A
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7
Q

παρά

A

(+ acc.) past, along

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8
Q

ἀγαθός -ή -όν

A

good, noble, courageous

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9
Q

νικάω

A

win, defeat

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10
Q

τέλος

A

in the end, finally

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11
Q

ἐμός ή όν

A

my; mine

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12
Q

λόγος, ὁ

A

Story, tale (2a)

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13
Q

σκοπέω

A

look (at), consider

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14
Q

ἀναχωρέω

A

retreat

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15
Q

ἐπειδή

A

when

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16
Q

ἐπί

A

(+acc) at, against, to attack

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17
Q

ταχέως

A

quickly

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18
Q

ὥσπερ

A

like, as

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19
Q

ἀπορί-ᾱ, ἡ

A

perplexity

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20
Q

βο-ή, ἡ

A

shout

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21
Q

γίγν-ομαι

A

happen, be made, be born

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22
Q

δουλό-ομαι

A

enslave

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23
Q

ἔρχ-ομαι

A

go, come

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24
Q

θεᾱ-ομαι

A

observe, watch

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25
Q

μάχ-ομαι

A

fight

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26
Q

τόλμ-α, ἡ

A

daring, courage

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27
Q

φοβέ-ομαι

A

be afraid of, fear

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28
Q

What is the middle voice used for?

A

The middle voice indicates that the subject is both the cause and the focus, the agent and experiencer, of the action expressed by the verb.

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29
Q

Uncontracted middle verb conjugation: ἕρχομαι

A

1s. ἔρχ-ομαι I go, I am going
2s. ἔρχ-ῃ (-ει) you go, you are going
3s. ἔρχ-εται he/she/it goes/is going
1p. ἐρχ-όμεθα we go, we are going
2p. ἔρχ-εσθε y’all go, y’all are going
3p. ἔρχ-ονται they go, they are going

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30
Q

Middle imperative (based on ἔρχομαι)

A

s. ἔρχ-ου (s.), ‘go!’
p. ἔρχ-εσθε (pl.), ‘go!’

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31
Q

Contracted middle verbs: θεά-ομαι ‘I watch’

A

1s. α+ -ομαι → θε-ῶμαι ‘I watch’
2s. α+ -ῃ → θε-ᾷ ‘you watch’
3s. α+ -εται → θε-ᾶται ‘he/she/it watches’
1p. α+ -ομεθα → θε-ώμεθα ‘we watch’
2p. α+ -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε ‘you watch’
3p. α+ -ονται → θε-ῶνται ‘they watch’

Middle imperative:

α + -ου → θε-ῶ (s.), ‘watch!’
α + -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε (pl.), ‘watch!’

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32
Q

Contracted middle verbs: φοβέ-ομαι ‘I fear, am fearing’

A

1s. ε+ -ομαι → φοβ-οῦμαι I fear
2s. ε+ -ῃ → φοβ-ῇ you fear
3s. ε+ -εται → φοβ-εῖται he/she/it fears
1p. ε+ -ομεθα → φοβ-ούμεθα we fear
2p. ε+ -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε y’all fear
3p. ε+ -ονται → φοβ-οῦνται they fear

Middle imperative:

ε + -ου → φοβ-οῦ (s.), ‘fear!’
ε + -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε (pl.), ‘fear!’

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33
Q

Contracted middle verbs: δουλοῦμαι, ‘I enslave (for myself)’

A

1s. ο+ -ομαι → δουλ-οῦμαι I enslave
2s. ο+ -ῃ → δουλ-οῖ you enslave
3s. ο+ -εται → δουλ-οῦται he/she/it enslaves
1p. ο+ -ομεθα → δουλ-ούμεθα we enslave
2p. ο+ -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε y’all enslave
3p. ο+ -ονται → δουλ-οῦνται they enslave

Middle imperative:

ο + -ου → δουλ-οῦ (s.), ‘enslave!’
ο + -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε (pl.), ‘enslave!’

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34
Q

First declension nouns: characteristics of types 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D

A
  • 1A-C are all feminine. 1D are masculine.
  • ALL types have the same endings in the plural (as per fem. def. art.)
  • 1A: endings same as fem def art
  • 1B: replace -η with -ᾱ in the s. due to the ρ, ε, ι rule.
  • 1C: short α in the s. nom and acc, otherwise as per 1B
  • 1D: Two subtypes: η- and -ᾱ in the nom, acc and dat s. endings.
  • In the gen and dat of all numbers, an accented ultima takes the circumflex.
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35
Q

Declension of noun type 1A: βοή, ἡ

A

βοή, ἡ, ‘shout’ (1a)

TYPE 1a nouns have endings in s. and pl. exactly like the f. def. art.

Singular
Nom. βο-ή
Acc. βο-ήν
Gen. βο-ῆς
Dat. βο-ῇ

Plural
Nom. βο-αί
Acc. βο-ᾱς
Gen. βο-ῶν
Dat. βο-αῖς

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36
Q

Declension of noun type 1B: ἀπορία, ή

A

TYPE 1b nouns replace the -η with -α (pronounced LONG) all the way through the singular. This is because their stem ends in ρ, ε, or ι.

ἀπορία, ἡ, ‘perplexity’ (1b)
s.
Nom. ἀπορί-ᾱ
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱν
Gen. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Dat. ἀπορί-ᾱͅ

pl.
Nom. ἀπορί-αι
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Gen. ἀπορι-ῶν
Dat. ἀπορί-αις

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37
Q

Declension of noun type 1C: θάλαττᾰ, ἡ

A

Type 1C nouns:

  • Show -α in the ending of the nom. and acc. s. (pronounced SHORT);
  • Switch to η in the gen. (-ης) and dat. s. (-ῃ: contrast TYPE 1b nouns);
  • Usually have a stem ending in σ or a double consonant: but note τόλμ-α-ης
    ‘daring’ (1c).

θάλαττᾰ, ἡ, ‘sea’ (1c)

s.
Nom. θάλαττ-ᾰ
Acc. θάλαττ-ᾰν
Gen. θαλάττ-ης
Dat. θαλάττ-ῃ

pl.
Nom. θάλαττ-αι
Acc. θαλάττ-ᾱς
Gen. θαλαττ-ῶν
Dat. θαλάττ-αις

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38
Q

Declension of noun type 1D: ναύτης, ὁ variant

A
  • Are all masculine
  • Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ης, e.g.

ναύτης, ὁ, ‘sailor’ (1d)

s.
Nom. ναύτη-ς
Acc. ναύτ-ην
Gen. ναύτ-ου
Dat. ναύτ-ῃ
Voc. ναυ̑τ-ᾰ

pl.
Nom. ναῦτ-αι
Acc. ναύτ-ᾱς
Gen. ναυτ-ῶν
Dat. ναύτ-αις

39
Q

Declension of noun type 1D: νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ variant

A
  • Are all masculine
  • Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ας, e.g.

νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ, ‘young man’ (1d)

s.
Nom. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱν
Gen. νεᾱνί-ου
Dat. νεᾱνί-ᾳ
Voc. νεᾱνί-ᾱ

p.
Nom. νεᾱνί-αι
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Gen. νεᾱνι-ῶν
Dat. νεᾱνί-αις

40
Q

The sandwich construction:

The men’s ship

The events around Salamis

A

The sandwich construction is the normal order for referring to ‘the X belonging to Y:

  • τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πλοῖον ‘the of-the men ship’
  • τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα πράγματα, ‘the around Salamis events’

But all the following are also acceptable:

  • τὸ πλοῖον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship of-the men’
  • τὸ πλοῖον τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship the [one] of-the men’
  • τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ πλοῖον ‘of-the men the ship’
41
Q

The repeated article construction:

Whose ship do you see?

A

The repeated article construction can be used to answer a question such as ‘whose ship do you see?’:

  • τὸ πλοῖον ὁρῶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ‘It is the men’s ship I see.’ (lit. ‘The ship I see the [one] of the men.’)
42
Q

Article + preposition constructions

The events around Salamis

The men in Salamis

The women in the Piraeus

A

In Greek the def. art. + prepositional phrase can be used as an equivalent of a noun:

  • τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα, ‘the [n. pl., i.e.] things/events around Salamis’
  • οἱ ἐν Σαλαμῖνι, ‘the [m. pl., i.e.] men in Salamis/those in Salamis’
  • αἱ ἐν τῷ Πειραιεῖ, ‘the [f. pl., i.e.] women in the Piraeus’
43
Q

Ἀθεναῖος, ὁ

A

Athenian (2a)

44
Q

ἀναχωρέω

A

retreat

45
Q

ἀπορέ-ω

A

be at a loss; have no resources

46
Q

αὖθις

A

again

47
Q

βάρβαρος, ὁ

A

barbarian, foreigner (2a)

48
Q

βέβαιος α (long) ον

A

secure

49
Q

βραδέως

A

slowly

50
Q

διά

A

(+ acc) because of

51
Q

διέρχομαι (δειλθ-)

A

go through, (metaphorically) to relate

52
Q

ἐλευθερίᾱ, ἡ

A

freedom (1b)

53
Q

ἐλεύθερος α ον

A

free

54
Q

ἐλευθερόω

A

set free

55
Q

ἑμός

A

my, mine

56
Q

ἐπειδή

A

when

57
Q

ἐπέρχομαι (ἐπελθ-)

A

go against, attack

58
Q

ἔρχομαι (ἐλθ-)

A

go, come

59
Q

ἡδέως

A

with pleasure, happily

60
Q

ἤδη

A

by now, now, already

61
Q

ἡσυχάζω

A

be quiet, keep quiet

62
Q

ἡσυχίᾱ, ἡ

A

quiet, peace (1b)

63
Q

θεά (long α), ἡ

A

goddess (1b)

64
Q

θεά-ομαι

A

watch, observe

65
Q

κάλλιστος η ον

A

most/very fine/beautiful/good

66
Q

λόγος, ὁ

A

story, tale (2a)

67
Q

μάχομαι, (μαχεσα-)

A

fight

68
Q

ναυμαχίᾱ, ἡ

A

naval battle (1b)

69
Q

νικάω

A

win, defeat

70
Q

νίκε, ἡ (long ι)

A

victory

71
Q

ὁμόνοια, ἡ

A

harmony, agreement (1b)

72
Q

ὅσος η ον

A

how great / how many

73
Q

πίπτο (πεσ-) (long ι)

A

fall (as in die)

74
Q

πολέμιοι, οἱ

A

the enemy (2a)

75
Q

πολέμιος ᾱ ον

A

hostile, enemy

76
Q

πόλεμος, ὁ

A

war (2a)

77
Q

πότερον… ἢ…

A

whether… or….

78
Q

προσέρχομαι, (προσελθ-)

A

advance, go/come towards

79
Q

σιωπά-ω

A

be silent

80
Q

σκοπέ-ω

A

look at, watch (active)

look into, consider, examine (middle)

81
Q

στρατιά, ἡ (long α)

A

army (1b)

82
Q

τι (no accent)

A

a, something

83
Q

τολμάω

A

dare, be daring, undertake

84
Q

φοβέομαι

A

fear, be afraid of

85
Q

ψευδῶς

A

falsley

86
Q

The active, middle and passive voices

A

Active: describes what the subject does to the object

Middle: describes what the subject does for or to himself (often does not have an object)

Passive: describes what is done to the subject

87
Q

αεἴδω

A

sing of; sing

88
Q

ὀλίγος η ον

A

small, few

89
Q

οὕτως

A

in this way

90
Q

ζητέ-ω

A

seek, seek for

91
Q

οἱ μὲν… οἱ δὲ…

A

some (of the men)… others…

92
Q

ἔνθα και ἔνθα

A

“here and here”; back and forth / this way and that

93
Q

ἡμέρα, ἡ

A

day (1b)

Reading Greek - JACT (4 decks)

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