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Reading Greek - JACT > Section 1A-J > Flashcards

Section 1A-J Flashcards

1
Q

Declension of the definite article - singular

A

m. f. n.
Nom ὁ ἡ τό
Acc τόν τήν τό
Gen τοῦ τῆς τοῦ
Dat τῷ τῇ τῷ

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2
Q

Declension of the definite article - plural

A
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3
Q

How is the def. art. an anchor in a sentence?

A
  • See οἱ, and you know the noun it goes with is subject, plural, mascu- line.
  • See τόν, and you know the noun it goes with is object, singular, mascu- line, and so on.
  • So even if you do not know how the NOUN changes, the def. art. will tell you exactly the function in the sentence of the noun it agrees with.
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4
Q

Indefinite article

A

There is no indefinite article (‘a’, ‘an’) in Greek, only the absence of the definite article. Thus ὁ ψόφος = ‘the noise’, but ψόφος = ‘a noise’.

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5
Q

ἀκρόπολις, ἡ

A

Acropolis

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6
Q

ἆρα

A

indicates a question

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7
Q

βαίνω (βα-)

A

I come, go, walk

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8
Q

γῆ, ἡ

A

land

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9
Q

δέ

A

and, but

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10
Q

δεῦρο

A

over here

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11
Q

ἐγώ

A

I (sometimes emphatic)

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12
Q

ἔπειτα

A

then, next

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13
Q

καί

A

and, also, even, actually

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14
Q

καλός, ή, όν

A

beautiful, fine, good

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15
Q

ναύτης, ὁ

A

sailor

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16
Q

νεώριον, τό

A

dockyard

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17
Q

ὁ, ἡ, τό

A

definite article singular m, f, n

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18
Q

Παρθενών, ὁ

A

The Parthenon

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19
Q

πλοῖον, τό

A

vessel, ship

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20
Q

ῥαψωδός, ὁ

A

rhapsode

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21
Q

σύ

A

you (singular)

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22
Q

τε … καί

A

Notice that Greek often includes a τε and καί to form a closely linked pair; it means (literally) ‘both … and’, though in English this often seems strained, and it may seem more natural, when translating, to omit the ‘both’.

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23
Q

τίς

A

what? who?

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24
Q

ὦ

A

O (addressing someone)

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25
Q

Conjugation of the verb βαίνω in the present indicative active

A

‘I go/am going/do go’

1s βαίν- ω
2s βαίν- εις
3s βαίν- ει
1p βαίν- ομεν
2p βαίν- ετε
3p βαίν- ουσι(ν)

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26
Q

What are ‘thematic’ verbs?

A

A ‘thematic’ verb is one consisting of stem + ‘thematic’ vowel + person endings. The ‘thematic’ vowels are:

1s. -ο- 1pl.-ο-
2s. -ε- 2pl.-ε-
3s. -ε- 3pl.-ο-

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27
Q

What is a COMPOUND VERB? Use βαίνω to provide examples.

A

In Greek you can make COMPOUND VERBS from simple verbs like βαίνω by adding a prefix. We have seen some examples of this:

εἰσ-βαίνω ‘I go into, on board’ (‘into-go-I’)

κατα-βαίνω ‘I go down’ (‘down-go-I’)

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28
Q

The five properties of verb forms

A
  1. Tense
  2. Mood
  3. Voice
  4. Person
  5. Number
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29
Q

The vocative case

A

The VOC. is the ‘calling’ CASE – used when someone is being called or addressed (cf. ‘Play it again, Sam’). Its form is frequently identical to the nom, but is sometimes distinguished from the nom. in the s.; in the pl., nom. and voc. are always the same.

The voc. is often prefaced with ὦ in Greek, and is usually found with IMPERATIVES (as βαῖνε) or second-person verbs (e.g. βαίνεις and βαίνετε, ‘you are going’).

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30
Q

Imperative form for ω verbs

A

Singular: βαῖν-ε

Plural: βαῖν-ετε

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31
Q

An ambiguity with imperatives and indicatives

A

The pl. imperative mood, βαίνετε is identical to that of the second person pl. indicative mood.

So βαίνετε could mean either ‘go!’ (pl.) or ‘you (pl.) are going’.

Only the context can give you the right answer.

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32
Q

How to make an imperative negative

A

Put μή before the imperative:

μὴ βαῖνε ‘do not go!’ (s.)

μὴ βαίνετε ‘do not go!’ (pl.)

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33
Q

μέν… δέ

A

The particles μέν and δέ are frequently used to make a contrast. They can never be the first word in a phrase and the words are never used side by side. The words also follow negatives.

Can often be translated as A BUT B, or WHILE A, B.

μέν … δέ … δέ … δέ … δέ … δέ (etc.) is used to construct a (usually uncontrasted) list: ‘A and B and C and D and E’, etc.

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34
Q

Use of pronouns

A

Pronouns can be used to emphasise the person in the verb-ending, e.g.:

τί πoιεῖς σύ; οὐδὲν ἔχω ἔγωγε.

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35
Q

ἀκούω

A

hear, listen

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36
Q

ἀληθῆ

A

the truth

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37
Q

ἀλλά

A

but, alternatively

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38
Q

βλέπω

A

look (at)

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39
Q

γάρ

A

for, because

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40
Q

διώκω

A

chase, pursue

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41
Q

ἔγωγε

A

I at least/at any rate

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42
Q

εἰσβαίνω (εἰσβα-)

A

enter, board (literally, into-go)

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43
Q

καταβαίνω (καταβα-)

A

go/come down (literally, down-go)

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44
Q

μένω (μεινα-)

A

remain, wait for

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45
Q

μή

A

don’t!

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46
Q

οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ

A

no, not

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47
Q

οὐδέν

A

nothing

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48
Q

οὖν

A

so, then, really, therfore

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49
Q

τί

A

what?

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50
Q

ῡμεῖς

A

you (pl.)

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51
Q

φεύγω

A

flee, run away/off

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52
Q

ὡς

A

how!

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53
Q

διἁ τί

A

why? (literally, from what?)

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54
Q

οὐδέ

A

And not (literally a concatenation of the two)

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55
Q

ποῖ;

A

to where?

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56
Q

ποῦ;

A

where (at)?

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57
Q

οἴμοι

A

oh dear!

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58
Q

σεαυτόν

A

yourself

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59
Q

ἀκρῑβ-ῶς

A

accurately, closely

60
Q

βαθέως

A

deeply

61
Q

βοηθέω

A

help, run to help

62
Q

δηλόω

A

show, reveal

63
Q

κακῶς

A

badly, evilly

64
Q

καλῶς

A

finely, beautifully

65
Q

ὁράω

A

see

66
Q

ποιέω

A

make, do

67
Q

σαφῶς

A

clearly

68
Q

What are contract verbs and what kinds are there?

A

Verbs ending in -ω like βαίνω are the ‘normal’ Greek verbs.

Verbs whose stem (the part that does not change) ends in a vowel have slightly different endings.

There are three kinds:

α-contracts (e.g. ὁρά-ω);

ε-contracts (e.g. ποιέ-ω, ‘I do/make’);

ο-contracts (e.g. δηλό-ω, ‘I show’).

69
Q

Vowel contractions: X + α

A

α + α = ᾱ
ε + α = η
ο + α = ω

70
Q

Vowel contractions: X + ε

A

α + ε = ᾱ
ε + ε = ει
ο + ε = ου

71
Q

Vowel contractions: X + ο

A

α + ο = ω
ε + ο = ου
ο + ο = ου

72
Q

Declining α-contract verbs:

ὁρα-

A

1s. ὁρ-ῶ
2s. ὁρ-ᾷς
3s. ὁρ-ᾷ
1p. ὁρ-ῶμεν
2p. ὁρ-ᾶτε
3p. ὁρ-ὦσι(ν)

73
Q

Declining ε-contract verbs:

ποιέ-

A

1s. ποι-ῶ
2s. ποι-εῖς
3s. ποι-εῖ
1p. ποι-οῦμεν
2p. ποι-εῖτε
3p. ποι-οῦσι(ν)

74
Q

Declining ο-contract verbs:

δηλό-

A

1s. δηλ-ῶ
2s. δηλ-οῖς
3s. δηλ-οῖ
1p. δηλ-οῦμεν
2p. δηλ-οῦτε
3p. δηλ-οῦσι(ν)

75
Q

Contract imperatives: α-contracts

ὁρά-

A

s. ὅρ-α ‘see!’
p. ὁρ-ᾶτε ‘see!’

76
Q

Contract imperatives: ε-contracts

ποίε-

A

s. ποί-ει ‘do!/make!’
p. ποι-εῖτε ‘do!/make!’

Pay particular attention to the accent on imperative s. active ποίει (‘do!’). This

distinguishes it from the third person s. indicative active ποιεῖ (‘he/she/it does’).

77
Q

Contract imperatives: ο-contracts

δήλο-

A

s. δήλ-ου ‘show!’
p. δηλ-οῦτε ‘show!’

78
Q

Adverbs and form change

A

Adverbs in Greek do not change form.

79
Q

Forming Greek adverbs

A

Adverbs (which do not change their forms) are mostly formed by substituting ς for the ν at the end of the m. gen. pl. form of the adjective. So most adverbs end with -ῶς or -έως.

80
Q

What is a declension?

A

A pattern of inflection according to grammatical case.

81
Q

How many declensions are there in Greek?

A

Broadly speaking, there are THREE DECLENSIONS in Greek.

  • stems in α- (Type 1)
  • stems in ο- (Type 2)
  • all the rest (Type 3)

Each DECLENSION or TYPE has a number of sub-types, reflecting slight differ- ences in the endings used (these sub-types will be called 1a–d, 2a and b, and 3a–h).

82
Q

Second declension nouns - Type 2a: ἄνθρωπος, ὁ ‘man/fellow’

A

s. pl.
Nom. ἄνθρωπ-ος ἄνθρωπ-οι
Acc. ἄνθρωπ-ον ἀνθρώπ-ους
Gen. ἀνθρώπ-ου ἀνθρώπ-ων
Dat. ἀνθρώπ-ῳ ἀνθρώπ-οις
Voc. ὦ ἄνθρωπ-ε

The endings are very similar to those for the masculine and neuter definite article in the present indicative active. Most 2a nouns are masculine, although there are some that a feminine or both (like this one).

83
Q

Second declension nouns - Type 2b: ἔργον, τό ‘task/duty/job/work’

A

s. pl.
Nom. ἔργ-ον ἔργ-α
Acc. ἔργ-ον ἔργ-α
Gen. ἔργ-ου ἔργ-ων
Dat. ἔργ-ῳ ἔργ-οις

The endings of TYPE 2b nouns are similar to those of the neuter def. art. and the neuter forms of καλός. TYPE 2b nouns are all neuter. N. nouns are often inanimate, or regarded as effectively inanimate, and some diminutive, perhaps affectionate, like παιδίον ‘child, slave’ (!).

84
Q

Ambiguities with neuter nouns

A

The nom. and acc. s. and nom. and acc. pl. of all n. nouns and adjectives are identical. Only the context of the sentence will tell you whether the noun in question is subject or object.

85
Q

Neuter nouns and the verb

A

N. pl. subjects (normally) take a s. verb.

86
Q

ὁ ἄνθρωπος

A

the man; fellow

87
Q

δύω

A

sink

88
Q

τὸ ἔργον

A

the task, work, job; duty

89
Q

ὸ ἐμπόριον

A

the market-place

90
Q

ἡμέτερος -ᾱ -ον

A

our(s)

91
Q

κακός ή όν

A

bad, evil; cowardly; lowly, mean

92
Q

ὁ κυβερνήτης

A

the captain, helmsman

93
Q

ὁ λέμβος

A

the boat, life-boat

94
Q

σῶος ᾱ oν

A

safe

95
Q

The ι,ρ,ε rule for adjectives

A

Ιf an adjective ends in -ος in the m. nom. s. and its stem ends in ι, ρ, ε, it will follow the pattern of ἡμέτερος (i.e. it will have α instead of η in the f. s.).

For example, the f. nom. s. of ῡμέτερ-ος, ‘your(s)’, is ῡμετέρ-ᾱ, like ἡμετέρ-ᾱ, because its stem ends in ρ.

96
Q

ἀπό

A

from, away from + gen.

97
Q

εἰς

A

into + acc.

‘Get INTO the boat’ (note difference from ἐν)

98
Q

ἐκ

A

from, out of + gen.

99
Q

ἐν

A

in + dat.

‘She swims IN the sea’ (note difference from εἰς)

100
Q

πρός

A

to, towards + acc.

in the name of, from, under the protection of + gen

101
Q

γε

A

at least, at any rate

102
Q

What is a preposition?

A

PREPOSITIONS are words like ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘below’, ‘towards’, ‘to’, followed by a noun, e.g. ‘in the house’, ‘to the beach’:

  • They can indicate place or movement;
  • They can express a relationship in terms of time (e.g. ‘after’); or
  • They can indicate something more abstract like cause (e.g. ‘because of’).
103
Q

‘FIrst position’ particles

A

Three common ones:

ἆρα which introduces a question when there is no interrogative word like ‘Who, What, Why?’ (e.g. ἆρα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὁρᾷς; lit. ‘[question] the men you see?’, ‘do you see the men?’)

ἀλλά ‘but’

καί ‘and’, ‘even’, ‘actually’

104
Q

Postpositive’ particles

A

Most of the other particles you will meet for now are ‘postpositive’, lit. ‘after- placed’, and usually come SECOND in the sentence or clause to which they belong, e.g.

γάρ, γε, δέ, μέν, οὖν, τε.

105
Q

Enclitics

A

These are words which have accents, but they give them to the previous word if possible.

106
Q

Enclitic particles

A

γε

τε

με

εἰμι

107
Q

ἀναβαίνω (ἀναβα-)

A

go up

108
Q

ἀποθνῄσκω (ἀποθαν-)

A

die

109
Q

ἀποχωρέω

A

go away, depart

110
Q

ἐλθέ

A

come! go!

111
Q

ἔχω (σχ-)

A

have, hold

112
Q

θάλαττα, ἡ

A

sea

113
Q

λέγω (εἰπ-)

A

say

114
Q

νῦν

A

now

115
Q

πλέω (πλευσα-)

A

sail

116
Q

ῥίπτω

A

throw, hurl

117
Q

σῴζω

A

save, keep safe

118
Q

σωτηρίᾱ, ἡ

A

safety, salvation

119
Q

φίλος, ὁ

A

friend

120
Q

φίλος ή όν

A

dear, friendly, one’s own

121
Q

φροντίζω

A

think; worry

122
Q

Paradigm for εἰμί, ‘I am’

A

1s εἰμί
2s εἶ
3s ἐστί
1p ἐσμέν
2p ἐστέ
3p εἰσί(ν)

123
Q

Paradigm for οἶδα, ‘I know’

A

1s οἶδα
2s οἶσθα
3s οἶδε
1p ἴσμεν
2p ἴστε
3p ἴσασι(ν)

124
Q

The complement: two principles

A
  1. Same case before and after: the verb ‘to be’ takes the same case as the subject and its complement, which usually means the nominative.
  2. The complement does not usually have the definite article.
125
Q

Omission of the verb ‘to be’

A

Quite often the verb ‘to be’ is omitted from a sentence (a feature called ‘ellipse’). So if you find a sentence without a verb, try some form of εἰμί, e.g.

Μέμνων καλός ‘Memnon handsome.’

126
Q

ὅτι

A

that

127
Q

ᾱεί

A

always

128
Q

ἄριστος η ον

A

best; very good

129
Q

γιγνώσκ-ω (γνο-)

A

know; think; resolve

130
Q

δῆλος η oν

A

clear; obvious

131
Q

῞Ελλην, ὁ

A

Greek

132
Q

ἔμπειρος oν

A

skilled, experienced

133
Q

ἤ

A

or

134
Q

μῶρος ᾱ oν

A

stupid; foolish

135
Q

ναί

A

yes

136
Q

ναῦς, ἡ

A

ship

137
Q

παίζω (πρός + acc.)

A

play; joke (at)

138
Q

περί

A

(+ acc.) about

139
Q

πολλά

A

many things (acc.)

140
Q

πῶς γὰρ οὔ;

A

of course

141
Q

στρατηγός, ὁ

A

general (2a)

142
Q

τὰ ναυτικά

A

lit. ‘the naval-things’, naval matters

143
Q

τὰ στρατηγικά

A

lit. ‘the leader’s-things’, leadership, generalship

144
Q

τὰ στρατιωτικά

A

lit. ‘the soldier’s-things’, military matters

145
Q

Three ways that adjectives can be used as nouns

A
  1. Neuter ‘things’ - The neuter plural form of an adjective is often used (with the neuter definite article) to mean things of that type, eg:

τὰ πολλά: ‘many things’
τὰ ναυτικά lit. the naval-things, i.e. ‘naval matters’

  1. Neuter abstract nouns - the neuter singular (with definite article) can also be used as an abstract noun:

τὸ καλόν: ‘the beautiful thing’, beauty

  1. Masculine and feminine ‘people’ - use of the definite article with the adjective to refer to people:

ἡ καλή, ‘the beautiful [f. s.] woman’

οἱ σοφοί, ‘the wise [m. pl.] men’

146
Q

Use of τε…τε and τε…καί

A

Both…and…

τε comes after the first item it will link (even between the definite article and its noun) and και comes before the second:

ὅ τε Δικαιόπολις καὶ ὁ ῥαψῳδός, ‘[The] both Dikaiopolis and the rhap- sode.’

ὁρᾷ τε ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐχ ὁρᾷ, ‘The man [both] sees and does not see.’

Reading Greek - JACT (4 decks)

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