Section 2 Flashcards
A single instance of behavior.
Measurable unit of analysis in the science of behavior.
Response
Larger set/class of responses.
that share a physical dimensions or functions.
Behavior
A group of bx’s.
Have the same function.
Response Class
Similar bx’s that are strengthened or weakened collectively.
A result of operant conditioning.
Operant
All the bx’s that an individual can do.
A collection of knowledge and skills.
Repertoire
A complex, dynamic universe of events that differ from instance to instance.
Environment
Physical events that affect the bx of the individual.
Internal or external.
Energy change.
Stimuli
3 types of nervous systems (that are affected by stimuli)
PIE
Proprioceptive
Interoceptive
Exteroceptive
Balance and movement
Proprioceptive
Stimulation of organs
Interoceptive
Think 5 senses
Exteroceptive
A group of ANTCEDENT STIMULI that has a common effect on an operant class
Stimulus Class
3 types of stimulus classes
FTF (For The Fun)
Formal
Temporal
Functional
Physical features (topography)
part of 3 types of stimulus classes
Formal
Refers to TIME
part of 3 types of stimulus classes
Temporal
The effect of the stimulus on the bx.
part of 3 types of stimulus classes
Functional
Stimuli in this class can share:
common topographies, common relative relations,
developed through generalization.
feature stimulus class
ex. concept of dog, house, tree, bigger than
Stimuli in this class evoke same response but do NOT share a common stimulus feature.
Developed through stimulus equivalence.
Arbitrary Stimulus class
Ex. apple, orange and banana are the class of fruit
Immediate have the greatest effect.
Only affect FUTURE behavior.
Consequences
Operant conditioning occurs automatically.
Person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work.
Automaticity (of rx and punishment)
Automatic Reinforcement
AKA. Sensory; self-stimulatory Behaviors, Stereotypy
Rx that occurs independent of the social mediation of others.
Is negative or positive.
others do NOT deliver the consequence.
Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others.
Other people do not deliver the consequences.
Automatic Punishment
What can reinforcement strengthen ?
Rate, duration, latency, magnitude, and topography.
How soon after a response should a rx be delivered ?
within 0-60 seconds.
Immediacy is critical.
What does rx do?
Creates stimulus control.
Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant.
Turns a 2-term into a 3-term with an Sd.
Rate of responding to a stimulus in 1 setting changes when rx in other setting is modified.
Behavior contrast
2 types of Bx contrast
Positive and Negative behavior contrast
Stimulus that increases future freq of bx.
Type I reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
What are the 5 types of Positive Rx
EATSS
Edible Activity Tangible Social Sensory
Reduction or removal of stimulus that increases future freq of bx.
Type II reinforcement.
Negative Reinforcement
What are the 2 types of negative rx?
Escape and Avoidance
A response that STOPS and ongoing aversive stimulus.
Escape
A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.
Avoidance
What are the 2 types of avoidance ?
Discriminated and Free-operant avoidance.
A signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is rx.
Warning or signal that a specific rx is available.
Discriminated avoidance.
No warning.
Avoidance bx is free to occur at anytime.
Free-operant Avoidance
No learning history.
Products of Phylogeny.
A stimulus change that can increase future freq of bx without pairing.
Unconditioned reinforcer/Reinforcement
UCR; Primary reinforcer; Unlearned reinforcer
Learning history required.
Products of Ontogeny
Neutral stimulus acquires the ability to function as rx through stimulus-stimulus pairing.
Conditioned reinforcer
CR; Secondary reinforcer; Learned reinforcer
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
AKA. GCSR; Generalized reinforcer
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers.
money, tokens, social attn and praise.
Response immediately followed by stimulus that decreases future freq of bx.
Defined by function not topography.
Punishment
AKA. Sd-; Sdp; Sp; Punishment-based Sd
Equivalent to extinction for rx.
When punishment stops, its effects on the bx are not permanent.
Recovery from punishment
Another name for an unpleasant stimulus?
Aversive stimulus
A stimulus change the decreases the future freq of bx.
Punishment
A process where the addition of stimulus decreases future freq of bx.
Positive Punishment
Type I punishment
5 types of positive punishment interventions
ROSER
Reprimands Overcorrection Shock Exercise Response blocking
What are 2 types of overcorrection?
Restitutional: repair to original state and better
Positive practice overcorrection: Repeatedly practicing the correct form of a bx.
A process.
Removal of a stimulus that decreases the future freq of a bx.
Negative Punishment
Type II punishment; Penalty principle; Penalty contingency
What are the 2 main negative punishment procedures?
Time-out and response cost
Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on bx.
Response cost
2 types of response costs
Bonus and direct fines
make additional non-contingent rx available to the individual and then take those away
Bonus response cost
Direct loss of positive reinforcers
Direct fines
2 types of time-out ?
Non-exclusionary and exclusionary
Individual not removed from the space.
preferred method.
less restrictive.
Non-exclusionary Time-out
4 types of non-exclusionary time-out?
IWOR A Ribbon
Ignoring
Withdrawal of specific rx
(take pref item away)
Observation/Contingent observation (repositioned in room)
Ribbon time-out (ribbon on=rx , ribbon off= no rx)
The individual is removed from space
Exclusionary time-out
3 types of exclusionary time-out?
RPH
Room / Time-out room
Partition time-out
Hallway time-out
Stimulus change that decreases future freq of bx irrespective of organisms learning history with the stimulus.
Product of phylogeny.
No learning history required.
Unconditioned Punishers/ Punishment
AKA. UCPs; Primary punishers; Unlearned punishers
Previous neutral stimulus, now functions as a punisher.
Learning history required.
Products of Ontogeny.
Conditioned Punishers/ Punishment
AKA. CPs; secondary punishers, Learned punishers
Type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with MANY unconditioned and conditioned punishers.
Do not depend on MO for effectiveness.
Likely to be punishing at anytime. (reprimands, social disapproval)
Generalized conditioned punishers
AKA. generalized punishers
Verbal pairing procedure.
Where neutral stimulus can become conditioned punishers or reinforcers for humans without direct pairing.
Verbal Analog Conditioning
Nothing taken away, just no longer rx.
Previously reinforced response is discontinued; bx decreases in the future.
Extinction
What are unwanted effects of extinction?
Extinction bursts
Extinction induced aggression
Difficult and/or dangerous to ignore challenging bx’s
3 types of extinction ?
PAN
Positive reinforcement
Automatic reinforcement
(aka. Sensory extinction)
Negative reinforcement
(aka. Escape extinction)
An immediate increase in the freq of responding when an extinction procedure is 1st
implemented.
Extinction Burst
What 6 things can cause resistance to extinction ?
- long history of rx
- intermittent schedules of rx
- high quality rx
- large amount of rx
- response requiring little effort
- # of previous extinction trials.
Involves withholding rx when the bx occurs.
Operant extinction
Involves the unpairing of a CS and a US
Respondent conditioning
Response rx only in presence of specific stimulus and not in the presence of other stimuli.
Stimulus control
What skills must be taught before stimulus control?
Pre-attending skills
prominence of the stimulus in a persons environment
Stimulus salience
What 2 things is stimulus salience affected by?
Masking and overshadowing
Stimulus has stimulus control but a competing stimulus blocks the evocative function of a stimulus.
(Ex. he knows answers to teachers questions but will not answer in front of peers)
Masking
Presence of 1 stimulus condition interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by another stimulus
Overshadowing
- lets you know when rx is available.
- response rx in the presence of and in the absence of; not reinforced
-
Discriminative Stimulus
A stimulus in the presence of which a given bx has not produced rx in the past.
-does not always have to be 0 rx, can be lesser quality or amount of rx.
Stimulus delta
Stimuli that are similar to the original Sd evoke the same responses as the original Sd.
-Loose degree of control
Stimulus Generalization
Occurs when new stimuli do NOT evoke the same response as the controlling stimuli.
-tight degree of control
Stimulus Discrimination
A procedure in where responses are reinforced in the presence of 1 stimulus condition (the Sd) but NOT in the presence of another (S delta).
Stimulus Discrimination Training
AKA. Discrimination training
- A product of both stimulus generalization and discrimination.
- NOT mentalism
- Individual must be able to discriminate what is included and excluded from that same stimulus class.
Concept
AKA. Concept formation; Concept acquisition
An antecedent evokes or abates the behavior
Simple Discrimination
Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus.
Matching to sample
what is it called when the sample and comparison stimuli are physically the same?
Identity Matching to Sample
- relation between the sample and comparison stimuli is arbitrary
- matching the words BABY to the picture of a baby
Symbolic Matching to Sample
