Section 2 Flashcards by Brianne Stoddard

A single instance of behavior.

Measurable unit of analysis in the science of behavior.

Response

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Larger set/class of responses.

that share a physical dimensions or functions.

Behavior

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A group of bx’s.

Have the same function.

Response Class

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Similar bx’s that are strengthened or weakened collectively.

A result of operant conditioning.

Operant

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All the bx’s that an individual can do.

A collection of knowledge and skills.

Repertoire

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A complex, dynamic universe of events that differ from instance to instance.

Environment

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Physical events that affect the bx of the individual.

Internal or external.

Energy change.

Stimuli

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3 types of nervous systems (that are affected by stimuli)

PIE

Proprioceptive
Interoceptive
Exteroceptive

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Balance and movement

Proprioceptive

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Stimulation of organs

Interoceptive

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Think 5 senses

Exteroceptive

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A group of ANTCEDENT STIMULI that has a common effect on an operant class

Stimulus Class

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3 types of stimulus classes

FTF (For The Fun)

Formal
Temporal
Functional

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Physical features (topography)

part of 3 types of stimulus classes

Formal

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Refers to TIME

part of 3 types of stimulus classes

Temporal

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The effect of the stimulus on the bx.

part of 3 types of stimulus classes

Functional

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Stimuli in this class can share:

common topographies, common relative relations,
developed through generalization.

feature stimulus class

ex. concept of dog, house, tree, bigger than

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Stimuli in this class evoke same response but do NOT share a common stimulus feature.

Developed through stimulus equivalence.

Arbitrary Stimulus class

Ex. apple, orange and banana are the class of fruit

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Immediate have the greatest effect.

Only affect FUTURE behavior.

Consequences

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Operant conditioning occurs automatically.

Person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work.

Automaticity (of rx and punishment)

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Automatic Reinforcement

AKA. Sensory; self-stimulatory Behaviors, Stereotypy

Rx that occurs independent of the social mediation of others.

Is negative or positive.

others do NOT deliver the consequence.

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Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others.

Other people do not deliver the consequences.

Automatic Punishment

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What can reinforcement strengthen ?

Rate, duration, latency, magnitude, and topography.

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How soon after a response should a rx be delivered ?

within 0-60 seconds.

Immediacy is critical.

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What does rx do?

Creates stimulus control. Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant. Turns a 2-term into a 3-term with an Sd.

Rate of responding to a stimulus in 1 setting changes when rx in other setting is modified.

Behavior contrast

2 types of Bx contrast

Positive and Negative behavior contrast

Stimulus that increases future freq of bx. Type I reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement

What are the 5 types of Positive Rx | EATSS

``` Edible Activity Tangible Social Sensory ```

Reduction or removal of stimulus that increases future freq of bx. Type II reinforcement.

Negative Reinforcement

What are the 2 types of negative rx?

Escape and Avoidance

A response that STOPS and ongoing aversive stimulus.

Escape

A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

Avoidance

What are the 2 types of avoidance ?

Discriminated and Free-operant avoidance.

A signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is rx. Warning or signal that a specific rx is available.

Discriminated avoidance.

No warning. Avoidance bx is free to occur at anytime.

Free-operant Avoidance

No learning history. Products of Phylogeny. A stimulus change that can increase future freq of bx without pairing.

Unconditioned reinforcer/Reinforcement | UCR; Primary reinforcer; Unlearned reinforcer

Learning history required. Products of Ontogeny Neutral stimulus acquires the ability to function as rx through stimulus-stimulus pairing.

Conditioned reinforcer | CR; Secondary reinforcer; Learned reinforcer

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer | AKA. GCSR; Generalized reinforcer

A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers. money, tokens, social attn and praise.

Response immediately followed by stimulus that decreases future freq of bx. Defined by function not topography.

Punishment | AKA. Sd-; Sdp; Sp; Punishment-based Sd

Equivalent to extinction for rx. When punishment stops, its effects on the bx are not permanent.

Recovery from punishment

Another name for an unpleasant stimulus?

Aversive stimulus

A stimulus change the decreases the future freq of bx.

Punishment

A process where the addition of stimulus decreases future freq of bx.

Positive Punishment | Type I punishment

5 types of positive punishment interventions | ROSER

``` Reprimands Overcorrection Shock Exercise Response blocking ```

What are 2 types of overcorrection?

Restitutional: repair to original state and better Positive practice overcorrection: Repeatedly practicing the correct form of a bx.

A process. Removal of a stimulus that decreases the future freq of a bx.

Negative Punishment | Type II punishment; Penalty principle; Penalty contingency

What are the 2 main negative punishment procedures?

Time-out and response cost

Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on bx.

Response cost

2 types of response costs

Bonus and direct fines

make additional non-contingent rx available to the individual and then take those away

Bonus response cost

Direct loss of positive reinforcers

Direct fines

2 types of time-out ?

Non-exclusionary and exclusionary

Individual not removed from the space. preferred method. less restrictive.

Non-exclusionary Time-out

4 types of non-exclusionary time-out? IWOR A Ribbon

Ignoring Withdrawal of specific rx (take pref item away) Observation/Contingent observation (repositioned in room) Ribbon time-out (ribbon on=rx , ribbon off= no rx)

The individual is removed from space

Exclusionary time-out

3 types of exclusionary time-out? RPH

Room / Time-out room Partition time-out Hallway time-out

Stimulus change that decreases future freq of bx irrespective of organisms learning history with the stimulus. Product of phylogeny. No learning history required.

Unconditioned Punishers/ Punishment | AKA. UCPs; Primary punishers; Unlearned punishers

Previous neutral stimulus, now functions as a punisher. Learning history required. Products of Ontogeny.

Conditioned Punishers/ Punishment | AKA. CPs; secondary punishers, Learned punishers

Type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with MANY unconditioned and conditioned punishers. Do not depend on MO for effectiveness. Likely to be punishing at anytime. (reprimands, social disapproval)

Generalized conditioned punishers | AKA. generalized punishers

Verbal pairing procedure. Where neutral stimulus can become conditioned punishers or reinforcers for humans without direct pairing.

Verbal Analog Conditioning

Nothing taken away, just no longer rx. Previously reinforced response is discontinued; bx decreases in the future.

Extinction

What are unwanted effects of extinction?

Extinction bursts Extinction induced aggression Difficult and/or dangerous to ignore challenging bx's

3 types of extinction ? PAN

Positive reinforcement Automatic reinforcement (aka. Sensory extinction) Negative reinforcement (aka. Escape extinction)

An immediate increase in the freq of responding when an extinction procedure is 1st implemented.

Extinction Burst

What 6 things can cause resistance to extinction ?

1. long history of rx 2. intermittent schedules of rx 3. high quality rx 4. large amount of rx 5. response requiring little effort 6. # of previous extinction trials.

Involves withholding rx when the bx occurs.

Operant extinction

Involves the unpairing of a CS and a US

Respondent conditioning

Response rx only in presence of specific stimulus and not in the presence of other stimuli.

Stimulus control

What skills must be taught before stimulus control?

Pre-attending skills

prominence of the stimulus in a persons environment

Stimulus salience

What 2 things is stimulus salience affected by?

Masking and overshadowing

Stimulus has stimulus control but a competing stimulus blocks the evocative function of a stimulus. (Ex. he knows answers to teachers questions but will not answer in front of peers)

Masking

Presence of 1 stimulus condition interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by another stimulus

Overshadowing

- lets you know when rx is available. - response rx in the presence of and in the absence of; not reinforced -

Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus in the presence of which a given bx has not produced rx in the past. -does not always have to be 0 rx, can be lesser quality or amount of rx.

Stimulus delta

Stimuli that are similar to the original Sd evoke the same responses as the original Sd. -Loose degree of control

Stimulus Generalization

Occurs when new stimuli do NOT evoke the same response as the controlling stimuli. -tight degree of control

Stimulus Discrimination

A procedure in where responses are reinforced in the presence of 1 stimulus condition (the Sd) but NOT in the presence of another (S delta).

Stimulus Discrimination Training | AKA. Discrimination training

- A product of both stimulus generalization and discrimination. - NOT mentalism - Individual must be able to discriminate what is included and excluded from that same stimulus class.

Concept | AKA. Concept formation; Concept acquisition

An antecedent evokes or abates the behavior

Simple Discrimination

Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus.

Matching to sample

what is it called when the sample and comparison stimuli are physically the same?

Identity Matching to Sample

- relation between the sample and comparison stimuli is arbitrary - matching the words BABY to the picture of a baby

Symbolic Matching to Sample