Section 1 Flashcards
What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
• A scientific approach
• Reliably influence socially significant
Bx
- Evidence based
- A technology of bx change
What is Science?
A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge of the natural world.
Based on Determinism.
What is the Purpose of Science?
Achieve thorough understanding of the phenomena under study.
*In ABA the phenomena are Socially Important Bx
What are the 3 levels of scientific understanding?
Dana Priya Can
Description, Prediction, Control
what is description?
- not causal explanations
- Systematic observations that can be quantified and classified.
What is prediction (Aka. Correlation; Covariation) ?
- 2 events may occur at the same time, but does not mean 1 causes the other.
What is control (AKA. Causation) ?
- Functional relation
- The highest level of scientific understanding
- Manipulating 1 IV results in a DV
What are the 6 attitudes of science/ Philosophical assumptions of Bx (DEER PP)?
Determinism Empiricism Experimentation Replication Parsimony Philosophical Doubts
What is determinism?
*(within The 6 attitudes of science)
- Cause and Effect
- Lawfulness ; If/then statements
- The world is orderly and predictable
What is Empiricism?
*(within The 6 attitudes of science)
- The FACTS
- Experimental, data-based scientific approach
- Objective quantification and DETAILED description of events.
What is Experimentation (AKA. Experimental Analysis) ?
*(within The 6 attitudes of science)
- Manipulating variables to see effect on DV
- All variables be controlled except DV
- An assessment to see if 1 event caused another
- Basic strategy of most sciences
What is Replication?
*(within The 6 attitudes of science)
- Repeating experiments
- Method used to determine RELIABILITY
- How scientists discover mistakes.
- science is Self-correcting
What is Parsimony?
*(within The 6 attitudes of science)
- The simplest theory
- All simple and logical must be ruled out first
- Helps scientist fit finding into existing knowledge base.
What is Philosophical Doubt?
*( within The 6 attitudes of science)
-Having a healthy skepticism and a critical eye about the results of studies and work with clients.
What are The 7 Dimensions of ABA (AKA. Behavior Modification) ?
Behavioral Applied Technological Conceptually Systematic Analytical Generality Effective
Who defined The 7 Dimensions of ABA and in which year?
Baer, Wolf and Risely in 1968 during the first edition of JABA.
What is Behavioral ?
*(within the 7 dimensions of ABA)
- Observable events
- Bx one chooses must be the bx in need of improvement
What is applied ?
*(within the 7 dimensions of ABA)
- ABA improves everyday life of clients
- Improves SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT behavior
- Also helps significant others
What is Technological?
*( within the 7 dimensions of ABA)
- Defines clearly and in detail so that they are REPLICABLE
What is conceptually systematic ?
*(within the 7 dimensions of ABA)
-All procedures used should be tied to the basic principles from which they derived.
What is Analytical (Aka. Functional relation; Experimentation; Control; Causation) ?
*(within the 7 dimensions of ABA)
- A functional relationship is demonstrated
- Ultimate issue is believability
- Describes when experimenter has demonstrated a functional relation between manipulated events and reliable change in target bx.
what is generality (AKA. Generalization) ?
*(within The 7 dimensions of ABA)
-Bx change across time, settings, or other bx.
What is the definition of Effective?
*(within The 7 dimensions of ABA)
-Improves bx in a practical manner, not just making a change that is statistically significant.
What is Mentalism (Aka. Spiritual, Psychic; Subjective; Feelings ; Attitudes ; Processing) ?
- Traditional Psychology
- An approach to explaining bx that assumes an inner dimension exists and causes bx.
ex. Freud, talk therapy, LMFT.
What are Hypothetical Constructs (AKA. Imaginary Constructs) ?
- Presumed but Unobserved entities.
ex. Free will, readiness.
What are Explanatory Fictions ?
- Fictitious variables that are another name for the observed bx and contribute nothing to understanding bx.
- Words like “knows, wants, figures out”
What is circular reasoning?
The cause and effect are both inferred from the same info.
ex. He cried bc he felt sad.
What is Behaviorism?
- The philosophy of the science of Bx
- Environmental explanation of bx (NOT MENTALISTIC)
- Emerged in the 20th century due to reaction to mentalistic psychology.
What are the 4 branches of Behavior Analysis?
CASE
- Conceptual Analysis of bx (AKA. Behaviorism) = philosophy
- ABA = bx analysts that assess, monitor, evaluate; create bx change.
- Behavior service delivery = People implementing ABA who are NOT bcba or bcaba
- Experimental analysis of bx = Research on basic processes and principles. Lab work.
What is Ivan Pavlov known for ?
- Respondent conditioning with dogs.
- 1906 published his first studies.
What is John Watson known for ?
- 1913 1st person to describe behaviorism as formal system.
- Methological behaviorism
- 1920 little albert experiment (baby with bunny)
What is Burrhus Skinner known for ?
-1938 radical behaviorism (includes private events)
How did skinner come up with Radical Behaviorism?
he referenced Darwinian selectionism and pragmatism.
What is Darwinian Selectionism (AKA. Selection by consequences) ?
- discusses a 3 term contingency with regard to species and survival.
- bx that result in best outcomes are selected and survive.
- selection by consequences operates during the lifetime of the individual (Ontogeny).
What is pragmatism?
- A probability AB-because of -c philosophy.
- the relation between the setting (A) and the bx (B), is because of the consequence (C).
-Developed by Charles pierce and William James.
What are the 2 primary types of Behavior ?
Respondent and Operant
what is respondent bx (Aka. Reflex; reflexive; unconditioned stimulus- unconditioned response)?
- Its elicited (brought out by antecedent stimuli)
- involuntary
- Reflex (part of organism genetic endowment)
- Habituation
What is a reflex ?
- A respondent bx
- The US and the bx it produced (UR) that is part of the organisms genetic endowment.
What is habituation ?
- Eliciting stimulus presented repeatedly over a SHORT time, the strength of respondent bx diminishes.
ex. the startle response to a loud noise diminishes with repeated exposure.
What are Phylogenic/Phylogeny?
- Behavior that is inherited genetically
- Respondent bx is due to phylogenic history
What is respondent CONDITIONING (AKA. Classical conditioning ) ?
- When new stimuli acquire the ability to elicit respondents
- Think Ivan Pavlov
Tell me about Operant Behavior (AKA. S-R-S model; 3 term contingency; ABC) ?
hint: everything we do in ABA is operant.
- Emit / Evoke
- Any bx whose probability of occurance is determined by history of consequences.
- Voluntary action
- Defined in terms of their functions
- NOT defined by topography (what it looks like)
- Encompasses both Rx and Punishment
- Adaptation
What is adaptation ?
- reductions in responding evoked by an antecedent stimulus over repeated or prolonged presentations.
ex. A client no longer reacts to the presence of an observer.
What is Ontogenic / Ontogeny ?
- Learning that results from an organisms interaction with their ENVIRONMENT.
- Operant bx is due to Ontogenic history.
what is an Operant Contingency ?
AKA. Behavioral contingency; Contingency; 3 term contingency; ABC
- The occasion for the response (The Sd), the response, and the outcome of the response.
- The dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrance of the bx.
- when a rx is said to be CONTINGENT upon a bx, the bx must be emitted for the consequence to occur.
What is the primary unit of analysis in ABA?
- the 3 term contingency (ABC)
What is Contiguity ?
-When 2 stimuli occur close together IN TIME, resulting in an association of those 2 stimuli.
What is not bx?
-The dead mans test. if a dead man can do it, its not behavior.
ex. Being hungry is NOT bx
Being blown over by strong winds is NOT bx
Getting wet is NOT bx
What are the 3 principles of BX?
PER
Punishment
Extinction
Reinforcement
